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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Orally administered streptomycin-dependent (smd) Salmonella (S.) dublin live vaccine usually is extremely well tolerated by calf under practice conditions, although other stresses may develop with high intensity (coli infection, pneumonia, S. dublin wild strain infection). Effective oral immunisation against salmonellosis of calf has proved possible in practice, but action clearly depended on dosage, as it did in clinical testing. The formula for effective oral immunisation via drinking milk is 5 . 10(10) to 1 . 10(11) smd germs daily over ten consecutive days. Satisfactory effectiveness of the oral vaccine was established by decline in clinical salmonellosis cases as well as in salmonella-caused calf loss and by bacteriological tests for S. dublin of faecal samples, histological specimens, and material received from emergency slaughter. Particular reference must be made to significant reduction in the number of immunised animals which continued to excrete Salmonellae in their faeces.
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PMID:[Results of oral application of Salmonella dublin live vaccine to calves]. 741

A move away from a narrow, top-down focus on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is urged to maximize the impact of scarce medical services in developing countries. The current emphasis on researching and treating the opportunistic infections characteristic of full-blown AIDS has produced a mood of powerlessness and hopelessness in the medical community as well as the general population. In developing countries, however, early human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is far more common than AIDS and more amenable to successful medical interventions. Non-AIDS patients tend to present with infections such as pulmonary or lymphatic tuberculosis or pneumococcal pneumonia that respond well to standard, inexpensive therapies. Tuberculosis, pneumonia, and salmonellosis are endemic in impoverished, overcrowded Third World communities so clinical initiatives targeted at their treatment would benefit both seropositive and seronegative residents. A strategy that emphasizes an improved clinical outcome for all who present with common treatable infections would further boost staff morale by overcoming the clinical hopelessness associated with efforts to save patients in the late stages of the disease process. Health ministries will have to commit extra staff and resources to meet the increased demand for short-course tuberculosis treatment, and it may be advisable to integrate tuberculosis and bacteriology laboratories. Patients with end-stage HIV disease can be provided with home-based symptom relief, nutritional supplementation, and psychological support.
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PMID:The clinical challenge of the HIV epidemic in the developing world. 790 16

To determine the types of pulmonary disease associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, we conducted a prospective study of 302 consecutive patients admitted for acute respiratory disease to a university hospital in Bujumbura, Burundi. Diagnoses were made according to well-defined criteria. Of the total, 222 patients (73.5%) were HIV seropositive, with women younger than men. Features suggestive of underlying HIV infection were the clinical findings of oral thrush, peripheral lymphadenopathy, or herpes zoster and the radiographic abnormalities of hilar-mediastinal adenopathy or a reticulonodular infiltrate. Tuberculosis and community-acquired pneumonia occurred with approximately equal frequency in the HIV-seropositive and seronegative groups. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was diagnosed in 11 patients, all seropositive. Gram-negative bacteremia, especially Salmonella typhimurium, occurred in 23 seropositive patients (10.4%). A total of 24 seropositive patients died during the initial hospitalization, and 11 others required readmission; no seronegative patients died or were rehospitalized. We conclude that HIV infection is a major risk factor for the development of acute respiratory diseases in adults of sufficient severity to require hospitalization in Bujumbura. In this Central African country, where exposure to virulent bacterial pathogens is ubiquitous, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and salmonellosis occur with much greater frequency than classic AIDS-defining opportunistic infections or malignancies.
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PMID:Pulmonary complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection in Bujumbura, Burundi. 844 2

Primary Salmonella choleraesuis pneumonia without enteric manifestations was diagnosed in an 8-year-old cat. The diagnosis was based on culture of the organism from bronchial brushings. Pathogens were not isolated from multiple fecal samples. The cat initially responded to treatment with sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim, but relapsed after the owner discontinued treatment because of difficulty in administration. Treatment with ampicillin, followed by amoxicillin, resulted in complete resolution of all pulmonary infiltrates. Possible mechanisms of Salmonella infection in this cat included nosocomial infection from a nonclinical carrier, as well as Salmonella bacteremia initiated during a dental procedure performed prior to the onset of clinical signs of pneumonia.
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PMID:Salmonella choleraesuis pneumonia in a cat without signs of gastrointestinal tract disease. 846 22

A total of 345 calf carcases of mainly dairy breeds from the farms around Kabete area were examined at the post-mortem facility in the Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nairobi, over a 10-year period (1980-1989). About 46.8% of the total deaths took place within the first 2 months, 31.8% of them in the first month and 13.3% in the first 2 weeks. In 23 cases (6.7%) no specific cause of death was determined. The major causes of death were diseases of the alimentary tract (31.3%)--mainly gastroenteritis (76/108) due to colibacillosis, salmonellosis, coccidiosis and helminthiasis, and bloat (20/108). The other major causes of death were diseases of the respiratory tract (16.8%)--mainly pneumonia (42/58), and tick-borne diseases (13.3%)--mainly east coast fever (ECF) (37/46). The alimentary and respiratory diseases were most common in the 1-30 d age group. The other causes of death occurred in the following frequencies: musculoskeletal system (7.0%), septicaemia (6.7%), malnutrition (6.1%), cardiovascular system (3.7%), nervous system (3.2%), liver (2.6%) and poisoning (2.6%).
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PMID:Causes of calf mortality in Kabete area of Kenya. 862 71

During the follow-up of 32,448 patients with food poisoning and salmonellosis complications occurred in 665 (2.01%). Among them were general circulation disorders (shock), myocardial infarction, acute cerebral vascular accidents, mesenterial thromboembolism, pneumonia, acute renal failure (0.09, 0.4, 0.4, 0.1, 0.5 and 0.6% of patients, respectively). Complications of food poisoning and salmonellosis caused lethal outcomes in 0.03% of cases. For the last 15 years acute adrenal insufficiency in patients with food poisoning and salmonellosis has not been reported.
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PMID:[Complications of food poisoning and salmonellosis]. 864 5

Observation on 32,448 salmonellosis patients was carried out. In 653 cases (2.01%) the complicated course of the disease was observed. It was caused by generalized disturbances in blood circulation, or shock, in 0.09% of cases, or by regional disturbances in blood circulation (myocardial infarction in 0.4%, acute disturbances in cerebral circulation in 0.4%, thrombosis of mesenterial vessels in 0.1% of cases). In addition, infectious complications developed in the form of pneumonia (0.5%) and acute renal insufficiency (0.6% of cases). Acute adrenal insufficiency, observed in the past, did not practically occur during the recent 20 years, having lost its importance due to the use of adequate therapy with polyionic crystalloid solutions.
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PMID:[The clinical picture and pathogenesis of complications in food poisonings (salmonellosis)]. 870 71

Cryptococcosis is an epidemiological and immunological indicator due to the absence of Cryptococcus neoformans as a saprophyte in immunocompetent humans and the advantage of specific C. neoformans culture. On this basis, a report is presented on the CD4 lymphocyte count of 36 AIDS patients suffering from cryptococcosis and other concomitant or missing opportunistic AIDS-defining infections. In 26 out of 36 patients, i.e. 72%, a CD4 lymphocyte count of < or = 50/microL (mean value 39.5%) was found. Cryptococcosis as the sole opportunistic infection was diagnosed in 5 cases (13.9%). In 31 cases, various combinations of AIDS-associated diseases were found: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) (n = 19), cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) (n = 10), Kaposi's sarcoma (n = 6), Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection (MAI) (n = 5), pneumonia (n = 2), toxoplasmosis (n = 2), Candida esophagitis (n = 1), tuberculosis (n = 1), lambliasis (n = 1), salmonellosis (n = 1) and wasting syndrome (n = 5). The conspicuous simultaneous occurrence or succession of pneumocystosis and cryptococcosis and the contrasting absence of aspergillosis and mucormycosis (zygomycosis) are commented. Based on the present observations in HIV-infected persons in Berlin, a CD4 lymphocyte count of < 150/microL may be used as a parameter indicating a predisposition for cryptococcosis as an airborne AIDS-defining infection. Attention is drawn to bird droppings as the sole habitat of C. neoformans and accidental niche of various other microorganisms.
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PMID:Cryptococcosis in HIV infection of man: an epidemiological and immunological indicator? 883 78

This study examines case records of adult AIDS and HIV symptomatic patients admitted to the Siriraj Hospital's Department of Medicine during January 1993 and December 1995. The study aims to determine the medical care cost of adult AIDS patients admitted to the observation room, hospital, and HIV and Counseling Clinic and to determine which factors are the most costly. An AIDS diagnosis is determined according to the Thailand Ministry of Health protocols. Costs include medication cost, facility cost, and testing in 1995 baht prices. Government-supplied medicines are not included in the cost. AIDS cases numbered 196, 227, and 182 adult persons in the respective years 1993, 1994, and 1995. The median CD4 lymphocyte count was 59 cells/mm. The median duration of visit was 14 days. AIDS patients occupied 5.4-7% of inpatient admission beds. 17.6-18.8% of patients were readmitted during the year. 26.4% to 33.7% died before discharge. The leading cause of admission was tuberculosis cryptococcal meningitis, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, diarrhea, salmonellosis, and toxoplasmosis. The number of AIDS cases admitted to the observation room for 2-5 days increased from 572 cases in 1993 to 1205 cases in 1995. However, due to space limitations, only 15% of AIDS patients under observation were admitted to the hospital in 1995. About 600 cases each year were followed up for complications. Medical care costs were 1452 baht/day/patient for admissions; 1509 baht/day/patient in an observation room; and 1132 baht/month/patient for HIV counseling care. The average cost for all adult AIDS patients/year rose from 18,726,176 baht to 26,812,204 baht during 1993-95. Medicine costs almost tripled for treating cryptococcoses. Treatment costs are lower in provincial hospitals. There is a need for the establishment of a referral network, hospice care, and low costs for treatment.
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PMID:The mounting medical care cost for adult AIDS patients at the Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital: consideration for management. 927 72

Pulmonary involvement is an uncommon extraintestinal manifestation of salmonellosis. We describe a 30 year old man with mental retardation, presenting with salmonella gastroenteritis and bacteremia. An early pneumonia evolving in the clinical setting of severe kyphoscoliosis, suggests that hematogenous spread to the lungs may occur as a result of abnormalities of the chest wall.
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PMID:Salmonella infection and pneumonia in a patient with kyphoscoliosis. 943 68


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