Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Seventy-one strains of Streptococcus milleri were isolated from 68 patients admitted to Tamana Central Hospital. (1985.2-1989.1) S. milleri was isolated from the following specimens: sputum (15 strains), urine (10), ascites (9), postoperative wound (9), pleural effusate (6), bile (5), genital discharge (3), aspirated fluid from lung abscess (2) and others (12). In 12 patients (18%), S. milleri was isolated in pure culture and in 56 patients (82%) as part of a mixed flora. Other bacteria isolated in association with S. milleri were obligate anaerobes (41%), Gram-negative rods (40%), Gram-positive cocci (16%) and others (3%). In 71 strains of S. milleri, 9 strains (13%) were beta-haemolytic, 62 (87%) were alpha-haemolytic (week) or non-haemolytic. In 68 patients, type specific male-female ratio was 15:9 for S. milleri I, 20:15 for II and 1:8 for III respectively. The patient's age ranged from 7 to 86 years and 75% of patients were more than 50 years old. In respiratory infection, 10 cases (pyothorax, 6; pneumonia, 3; lung abscess, 1) were related to S. milleri infection and considered clinically significant. 8 cases had underlying disease, however, 2 cases (pyothorax, lung abscess) had no underlying disease. In these 2 cases, S. milleri was isolated in pure culture. Successful treatment of these ten cases usually required either antibiotic therapy or drainage of the lesion. S. milleri was isolated from various clinical specimens and some cases were associated with serious infections. S. milleri was more commonly associated with suppurative infections than other viridans group streptococci. S. milleri may therefore have different characteristics which other streptococcal species of normal flora have not.
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PMID:[Clinical significance of Streptococcus milleri isolated from various suppurative lesions]. 240 8

We analyzed infections complicating 140 episodes of severe neutropenia in 86 patients. The underlying diagnosis was acute leukemia in 64, lymphoma in 12 and isolated cases of bone marrow aplasia, agranulocytosis, dysmyelopoiesis and solid tumors. No fever developed in 35 (25%) episodes. No cause for the fever was identified in 40% of the remaining episodes. Clinical evidence of an infection was present in 20%, with positive bacteriologic findings in 27%. Respiratory infection (16%), pneumonia (11%) and sepsis (10%) were the most common infectious processes. Infectious agents isolated were gram negative bacilli (72%), gram positive cocci (19%) and fungi (9%). The association of amikacin and carbenicillin or cephalosporins proved to be superior to gentamycin-penicillin (p less than 0.01). 16 patients died for an overall mortality of 11%. Pneumonia and infection by K pneumoniae or C albicans were associated to a poorer prognosis.
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PMID:[Infection in severe neutropenia: analysis of 140 episodes]. 251 58

Transthoracic needle aspiration of the lung in guinea pigs with experimental pseudomonas pneumonia was evaluated. The number of bacteria in aspirates correlated well with that of bacteria in the lungs which showed diffuse pneumonia (10(7) inoculum group). The number of deaths of experimental animals increased together with an increase of the times of aspiration. This procedure was also investigated in 16 patients of pneumonia and 17 patients of pulmonary abscess. The isolation rate of pathogen from pneumonia was 31.3% and that from pulmonary abscess 58.8%. A higher isolation rate was obtained with purulent aspirates. Predominantly anaerobic bacteria were isolated, and in pulmonary abscess usually in association with other bacteria. This method could be applied with success, for determining responsible pathogens. Even the normal oropharyngeal flora such as alpha-Streptococcus could be identified as pathogens. The complication rate was relatively low (6 out of 33 patients, 18.2%) including hemoptysis as a major one and pneumothorax or bloody sputum as minor ones. Transthoracic needle aspiration was reevaluated in experimental and clinical materials and was found to be an excellent and safe method for determining the responsible pathogen of respiratory infection.
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PMID:Transthoracic needle aspiration of the lung in respiratory infections. 252 66

The studies reported here focus on the relation of nitrogen dioxide exposure to susceptibility to viral respiratory infection in a murine model of pneumonia, created by intratracheal inoculation of an endogenous murine pathogen, mouse cytomegalovirus. The purpose of this work is to clarify the potential role of nitrogen dioxide exposure in the pathogenesis of viral infection of the lower respiratory tract. Previous human epidemiologic studies have presented conflicting information about the relationship of nitrogen dioxide to acute, self-limited episodes of respiratory illness, which are characteristic of viral respiratory infection. Some studies have found an association between exposure to elevated ambient levels of nitrogen dioxide and increased occurrence of acute respiratory illness. In one study this association was found to be strongest in children in the first two years of life. However, other epidemiologic studies have failed to observe this relation. To determine if there is scientific evidence for the possible relation of nitrogen dioxide exposure to human respiratory infection, our studies were performed to assess the impact of nitrogen dioxide on respiratory tract susceptibility to initial, or primary, infection, as well as to recurrent infection, or reinfection, with the identical virus. The latter mechanism of viral respiratory infection is of particular interest, since reinfection is a common method for the development of infection of the lower respiratory tract during early childhood. Outbred CD-1 mice were exposed to either air or nitrogen dioxide for six hours a day on two consecutive days prior to inoculation with murine cytomegalovirus, and then were reexposed to the same level of nitrogen dioxide for six hours a day on four consecutive days, beginning the day after viral inoculation. Susceptibility to primary infection was determined by inoculating animals with an amount of virus (10(2) plaque-forming units) that is too small to produce viral infection in the lungs of normal animals. Mice exposed to 5 parts per million (ppm) nitrogen dioxide routinely developed viral replication in the lung and histologic evidence of pneumonitis after inoculation with this amount of virus, whereas air-exposed animals did not. Most importantly, animals exposed to 5 ppm nitrogen dioxide could be infected with a viral inoculum that was 100-fold smaller than that required to consistently produce viral infection in air-exposed mice. Enhanced susceptibility to infection was found after exposure to 5 ppm nitrogen dioxide, but was not observed with exposure to 2.5 or 1 ppm nitrogen dioxide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Altered susceptibility to viral respiratory infection during short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide. 255 64

A systematic investigation of morbidity patterns was conducted in 1977- 80 among 2580 children under 12 years of age attending mobile hospital camps in 4 districts on India's Hamachal Pradesh. The children came from remote villages where socioeconomic and educational levels were low and environmental sanitation was rudimentary. There were 1301 cases of protein energy malnutrition in this group, 124 involving children 0-1 year of age, 514 in the 1-5-year age group, and 663 (51%) in the 5-12- year age group. At the time of examination, 287 of the children were infested with worms and 125 had diarrhea. These 3 conditions-- malnutrition, worm infestation, and diarrhea--were present in 32% of the village children surveyed. The most common form of morbidity was nutritional disorders (malnutrition, anemia, and vitamin deficiencies), affecting 70% of the children. The next most common condition was respiratory infection, affecting 35%. Other disorders affecting significant numbers of children were scabies, pyoderma, convulsions, mental retardation, rheumatic fever and congenital heart diseases, and renal diseases. Morbidity from conditions such as gastroenteritis, measles, and pneumonia was often accompanied by malnutrition. Thus, there is a need in this area for child health programs aimed at providing nutrition education as well as improving immunization coverage.
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PMID:Childhood morbidity in mobile hospital camps in Himachal Pradesh. 262 Sep 84

Postinfluenza toxic shock syndrome is a recently described entity that results from a respiratory tract infection with toxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus following an episode of influenza or influenzalike illness. This report describes a 19-year-old man who developed an influenza B respiratory infection complicated by staphylococcal pneumonia and toxic shock syndrome. The patient improved rapidly with specific antibiotic therapy, emphasizing the importance of considering this otherwise highly lethal syndrome in any individual who becomes critically ill after an initial influenzalike illness.
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PMID:Postinfluenza toxic shock syndrome. 265 Oct 40

The fact that economic progress has a bearing on health can be seen in most developing countries where widespread poverty causes poor health and high mortality. Childhood mortality is highest in Africa and in Southern Asia. The rate of decline in mortality has decreased in these areas since the 1950s. In Sri Lanka, approximately 5% of the children 5 years old die, yet yearly 1/3 of the children 5 Afghanistan and a few West African countries die. In less developed countries, adult mortality is high: in places where the life expectancy of a 15-year-old is under 50 years, 30-40% will die before age 60. 80-90% of the deaths from water and food borne diseases are accounted for by diarrhea and dysentery, and 60-70% of the deaths from airborne diseases by pneumonia and bronchitis. Present estimates from 4 localities indicate that measles, malaria, tetanus, and acute respiratory infection account for more than 90% of all child mortality. Various estimates suggest that there are 100-300 million cases of malaria and 1-2 million malaria-related deaths annually. Estimates indicate a ratio of abortions varying between 9/1000 live births in East Africa to 325/1000 live births in Latin America. 1986 WHO data indicate that induced abortion is responsible for 7-50% of all maternal deaths in developing countries. More than 90 countries now that operational diarrheal disease control programs, 47 countries are producing oral rehydration solutions, 8450 health personnel have been trained in diarrhea program supervisory skills, and oral rehydration use rates are slowly rising.
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PMID:Identifying health problems and health research priorities in developing countries. 266 49

Direct fluorescent antibody assay (DFA) using monoclonal antibody and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for rapid detection of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS) were compared with conventional virus isolation and identification procedures in cell cultures. When 134 NPS were examined from infants and young children with acute respiratory tract infection, 42 (31%) were culture-positive for RSV and 31 of these were detected by the appearance of a typical cytopathic effect and identified by DFA either before or after its appearance, whereas 11 were identified as RSV-positive by DFA performed blindly on HEp-2 cell cultures 5 or 10 days after inoculation. DFA for RSV on NPS smears was positive in 33 (26%) cases, from seven of which RSV was not isolated. The same group of 134 NPS was tested for RSV detection by three commercial ELISA kits. The sensitivities of the three ELISA kits when compared with a combination of culture and DFA results, were comparable (53%, 51%, and 47% for Ortho, Kallested, and Abbott, respectively), whereas specificity was 100% for all three assays. In the group of 26 NPS detected as positive by both virus isolation and DFA, 20-22 (77-85% according to different kits) were found positive for RSV by the three ELISA assays. These data suggest that virus isolation is still critical for diagnosis of a fair number of cases of RSV infection. Of the two rapid techniques, DFA is a valuable complementary method, whereas ELISA still lacks sensitivity. However, both DFA and ELISA were able to detect RSV in 7 of 8 young patients with severe respiratory infection (pneumonia, bronchiolitis), thus permitting diagnosis of RSV infection at least two days before culturing.
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PMID:Rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal secretions by immunofluorescence and ELISA does not justify discontinuation of virus isolation. 267 34

The aim of this study was to determine the viral agents associated with acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in young children. During a 2-yr period, 204 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) from children under 4 yr of age living in an orphanage and exhibiting febrile ALRI were studied by both indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and isolation in four cell lines. NPA cell smears as well as tissue culture cells exhibiting cytopathic effect (CPE) or hemadsorption were stained by IIF for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, influenza A and B, and parainfluenza 1 and 3. Viral etiology was demonstrated in 21.2% of acute respiratory infection cases. The most frequently detected virus was RSV (53.5% of viral positive diagnoses), followed by unidentified viruses (18.6%), adenovirus (13.9%), influenza A (7%), and parainfluenza 3 (4.7%). The most common clinical entities were: bronchitis, 46.1%; pneumonia, 24%; bronchiolitis, 22%; and multifocal pneumonia, 8%. Malnourishment was found in 56% of children with ALRI, whereas 50% was found among total orphanage population. The 3 to 8-month-old age group accounted for half of all ALRI cases. Viral etiology was shown for 26.5% of patients with pneumonia, 22% with bronchitis, and 16% with bronchiolitis. RSV and adenovirus occurred in fall and winter, while parainfluenza 3 was detected in early spring. In the two fatal cases observed, histologic lesions were compatible with adenovirus infection, but this virus could be isolated from the lung in only one case.
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PMID:Viral etiology in acute lower respiratory infections in children from a closed community. 267 3

The mean annual rate of decline of the probability of dying 5 years of age in developing countries is 2.5%. Nevertheless disease accounts for a considerable proportion of premature deaths. The leading causes of death in these countries, in order, include respiratory disease, diseases of the circulatory system, low birth weight, diarrhea, measles, injuries, malnutrition, and neoplasms. These conditions represent diseases of poverty and affluence. Respiratory infections are common among 5-year old children and cause a high proportion of child deaths. Circulatory diseases tend to be limited to adults. Control of hypertension, diet, smoking prevention, and exercise can prevent circulatory diseases. The risk of dying in infancy and childhood and of developmental disabilities is higher among low birth weight infants than those who weigh 2500 gm. In Bangladesh, 50% of infants weight 2500 gm. Low birth weight is the underlying cause of death for many infants who die of respiratory infections and diarrhea. Oral rehydration can successfully treat most diarrhea cases. Malnutrition and diarrhea tend to occur together and feed off each other. In fact malnourished people are more susceptible to all infections. Malnourished children suffer from disabilities in development and growth. The greatest sufferers of measles are infants and malnourished children. Immunization of all =or 9-month old infants would eradicate measles. Children and young adults are at the highest risk of injuries. Lung cancer is on the rise in developing countries due to the increase of tobacco smoking. Various means of controlling malaria are use of mosquito nets, antimalarial drugs, reduction of mosquito breeding places, and pesticides. The new infectious disease, AIDS, has emerged as a considerable health problem in developing countries. High priority research areas are vaccines for Streptococcus pneumonia, Plasmodium app., rotavirus, Salmonella typhi (Ty21a), and Shigella spp.
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PMID:Disease problems in the Third World. 269 79


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