Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Totals of 58,661,000 acute respiratory disease (ARD) cases, 1,376,651 bronchitis and pneumonia complications, and 93,042 deaths from influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia or chronic pulmonary affection were notified during 11 years of ARD surveillance from 1975 to 1986. All ARD seasons started with the first phase in September-December; this increase in morbidity was caused chiefly by adenoviruses, parainfluenza viruses, rhinoviruses and M. pneumoniae. Second wave of ARD morbidity occurring in January-April used to be explosive and was associated with an influenza epidemic in 9 of the 11 seasons; only in 1978/79 and 1984/85 the ARD epidemics were caused by adenoviruses and especially RSV, the share of influenza being minimal. Pneumonia and bronchitis excesses occured during epidemics caused by M. pneumoniae in 1975/76, 1980/81 and 1985/86. Particularly high mortality excesses occurred in 1976, 1977 and 1983 during epidemics elicited by a new drift variants of influenza A(H3N2). Identification of viral agent of M. pneumoniae attempted in 5474 ARD cases was successful at 37.4%. The respective contributions of parainfluenza viruses, adenoviruses, influenza A virus and RSV to overall aetiologically identified morbidity were 14.2, 13.9, 13.8, and 12.0%. Mixed infections (2-3 agents identified simultaneously) accounted for 14.6% of cases. Type B influenza virus, rhinoviruses, enteroviruses and herpes simplex virus contributed only by 5.6-7.8%. In ordinary seasons the share of M. pneumoniae in aetiologically identified ARD morbidity was 0.6-3.8%; this agent displayed predominance at 5-year cycles, when accounting for 20.5-38.9% of cases. The most frequently detected agents in individual age groups were as follows: in preschool children parainfluenza (18.6%), RSV (16.6%), and adenoviruses (17.4%); in school children M. pneumoniae (26%), influenza A and B (10.2 and 14.7% respectively), and adenoviruses (10.7%); in adolescents and young adults influenza type A (20.2%), M. pneumoniae (15.0%), and rhinoviruses (13.3%); in adults above 25 years age influenza A virus (38%), and other respiratory viruses at a frequency lower than 10% each.
 ...
PMID:Occurrence and aetiology of acute respiratory diseases: results of a longterm surveillance programme. 256 74

As part of a multi-disciplinary research programme undertaken by the Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research near the town of Madang, northern PNG, a three-year study of mortality was conducted in a rural population of approximately 16,500 people. From early 1982 the area was under continuous demographic surveillance which continued for the three years of the study. All deaths which occurred in this period were investigated by interviewing relatives of the deceased and examining any available health service records. Respiratory diseases were the commonest cause of death, with pneumonia accounting for 20% of deaths in children under 10 years of age, and pneumonia and chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) together accounting for a third of all deaths. Deaths from COLD were more common in the study population than in PNG hospitals and health centres. The proportion of deaths caused by malaria in children under 10 years was estimated to be between 4 and 17%. Mortality rate in the first year of life were determined by following up a cohort of 1015 births occurring in the first 20 months of the study. Of the 1002 live births, 46 died in the first 12 months of life, giving an infant mortality rate of 45.9% live births. Other mortality and demographic rates were consistent with data reported from the 1980 PNG National Census, suggesting that the study population belonged to an advantaged rural area. Demographic features found in this population were a high birth rate, a relatively low crude death rate, and a rate of natural population increase of 2.8% per annum. The methodological difficulties associated with the measurement of malaria mortality have important implications for the evaluation of future malaria vaccines. The methods employed in this study are critically discussed, and recommendations made for future studies.
 ...
PMID:Mortality in a rural area of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. 260 69

A pure culture of Mycoplasma (M.) bovis was isolated from calves with respiratory disease, exhibiting the picture of lymphohistiocytic proliferative pneumonia with presence of eosinophil plasmatic cells. A mixed infection of M. bovis and Pasteurella (P.) multocida was demonstrated in calves with exudative pneumonia. Both M. bovis and Haemophilus (H.) somnus were recovered from calves with necrotic pneumonia. All 3 organisms--M. bovis, P. multocida, and H. somnus--were present in cases of exudative-necrotic pneumonia. It was also shown that M. bovis played a primary role in the aetiopathogenesis of respiratory diseases caused by mixed infections.
 ...
PMID:On the aetiopathogenesis of Mycoplasma pneumonia in calf. 261 60

Chlamydia trachomatis is a human pathogen that causes ocular disease (trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis), genital disease (cervicitis, urethritis, salpingitis, and lymphogranuloma venereum), and respiratory disease (infant pneumonitis). Respiratory chlamydioses also occur with infection by avian strains of C. psittaci or infection by the newly described TWAR agent. Diagnosis of most acute C. trachomatis infections relies on detection of the infecting agent by cell culture, fluorescent antibody, immunoassay, cytopathologic, or nucleic acid hybridization methods. Individual non-culture tests for C. trachomatis are less sensitive and specific than the best chlamydial cell culture system but offer the advantages of reduced technology and simple transport of clinical specimens. Currently available nonculture tests for C. trachomatis perform adequately as screening tests in populations in which the prevalence of infection is greater than 10%. A negative culture or nonculture test for C. trachomatis does not, however, exclude infection. The predictive value of a positive nonculture test may be unsatisfactory when populations of low infection prevalence are tested. Tests that detect antibody responses to chlamydial infection have limited utility in diagnosis of acute chlamydial infection because of the high prevalence of persistent antibody in healthy adults and the cross-reactivity due to infection by the highly prevalent C. trachomatis and TWAR agents. Assays for changes in antibody titer to the chlamydial genus antigen are used for the diagnosis of respiratory chlamydioses. A single serum sample that is negative for chlamydial antibody excludes the diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum.
 ...
PMID:Laboratory diagnosis of human chlamydial infections. 265 Aug 58

Usefulness of ceftazidime (CAZ) was studied in 56 cases of intractable respiratory tract infections. CAZ was administered at a daily dose of 2-4 g in 2 divided doses by intravenous drip infusion for 3-15 days. 1. Analysis was carried out in 38 cases and the following result was obtained. Efficacy rate was: 68% (17/25) in pneumonia, 60% (3/5) in chronic bronchitis and 67% (4/6) in secondary infections in chronic respiratory disease cases, and the overall efficacy rate was 63.2% (24/38). 2. In bacteriological study, 68.2% (15/22) of eradication rate was obtained. Against Staphylococcus aureus, eradication was obtained in all strains (4 strains). Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, eradication occurred in 4 strains out of 10, and decrease in number in 2 strains. 3. As for adverse effects, mild hepatic disorder was observed in 2 cases (3.6%) out of 56. 4. From the above result, CAZ is considered to be very useful when used as monotherapy for aged patients and in the treatment of severe and intractable infections accompanied by underlying diseases.
 ...
PMID:[Usefulness of ceftazidime in intractable respiratory tract infections]. 269 54

The mean annual rate of decline of the probability of dying 5 years of age in developing countries is 2.5%. Nevertheless disease accounts for a considerable proportion of premature deaths. The leading causes of death in these countries, in order, include respiratory disease, diseases of the circulatory system, low birth weight, diarrhea, measles, injuries, malnutrition, and neoplasms. These conditions represent diseases of poverty and affluence. Respiratory infections are common among 5-year old children and cause a high proportion of child deaths. Circulatory diseases tend to be limited to adults. Control of hypertension, diet, smoking prevention, and exercise can prevent circulatory diseases. The risk of dying in infancy and childhood and of developmental disabilities is higher among low birth weight infants than those who weigh 2500 gm. In Bangladesh, 50% of infants weight 2500 gm. Low birth weight is the underlying cause of death for many infants who die of respiratory infections and diarrhea. Oral rehydration can successfully treat most diarrhea cases. Malnutrition and diarrhea tend to occur together and feed off each other. In fact malnourished people are more susceptible to all infections. Malnourished children suffer from disabilities in development and growth. The greatest sufferers of measles are infants and malnourished children. Immunization of all =or 9-month old infants would eradicate measles. Children and young adults are at the highest risk of injuries. Lung cancer is on the rise in developing countries due to the increase of tobacco smoking. Various means of controlling malaria are use of mosquito nets, antimalarial drugs, reduction of mosquito breeding places, and pesticides. The new infectious disease, AIDS, has emerged as a considerable health problem in developing countries. High priority research areas are vaccines for Streptococcus pneumonia, Plasmodium app., rotavirus, Salmonella typhi (Ty21a), and Shigella spp.
 ...
PMID:Disease problems in the Third World. 269 79

Mechanically ventilated patients are at high risk for malnutrition, and it is now accepted that nutrition can influence the respiratory function. In particular, malnutrition can adversely affect lung function and the adverse effects of such malnutrition include: decreased ventilatory drive, decreased respiratory muscle function, alterations of lung parenchyma and depressed lung defense mechanisms. Therefore, nutrition support should be considered if a patients has a severe chronic pulmonary disease or an acute respiratory disease. Recent studies showed that malnourished patients have a reduced respiratory muscle strength and that nutritional intervention can return muscle ventilatory function to normal levels. Furthermore, it seems very likely that the ventilatory drive can be influenced by dietary intake of amino acids and glucose. The structure of the pulmonary parenchyma can be affected by starvation and the pulmonary defense mechanisms are depressed in malnourished patients. The incidence of post-operative pneumonia or atelectasis is higher in protein-depleted patients. in comparison with well-nourished patients. In conclusion, the importance of nutrition support in the management of patients with respiratory failure, particularly those mechanically ventilated, is stressed in the paper.
 ...
PMID:[Effects of the nutritional status on the respiratory system]. 269 12

The mortality of workers from an Ontario factory manufacturing amosite asbestos insulation materials under poorly controlled environmental conditions is reported here. Seven (58%) of 12 deaths among exposed workers 10 or more years after first exposure were due to malignancies; four (25%) were from lung cancer, and there were two deaths from peritoneal mesothelioma. Those dying from mesothelioma were 47 and 49 years of age. Three (25%) of 12 deaths were from respiratory disease, two were attributed to asbestosis (in men 42 and 53 years of ages), and one to pneumonia in a 54-year-old male.
 ...
PMID:Mortality among employees of an Ontario factory manufacturing insulation materials from amosite asbestos. 272 89

A set of 620 patients was examined. Out of them, 245 suffered from lung carcinoma of different type and stage, 28 suffered from other malignant tumors, 37 were affected with benign tumors, and 166 were suffering from a nonmalignant respiratory disease (tuberculosis, nonspecific pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, abscesses, cysts, asthma, lung fibrosis, bronchiectasis and sarcoidosis). In addition to these patients, 144 blood donors were examined who represented the control group of healthy individuals. In a blind test another set of 266 persons was examined. By completing the values of selected markers (orosomucoid, prealbumin, glycoprotein electrophoresis, erythrocyte sedimentation, age of the individual, and the number of smoked cigarettes) into the discrimination rule and by calculating the discrimination function, a sensitivity of 80.6% and a specificity of 75.6% were obtained. A comparative cytological examination of the same set revealed lower sensitivity (61.0%) but higher specificity (98.0%). These values were verified in a blind test, as the patients were admitted to the hospital. Sensitivity in lung cancer was found to be 83.9%; in nonmalignant diseases the respective value was 77.1%. This approach can be applied to individuals suspect of cancer, in secondary prevention and in individuals with a high risk of lung cancer.
 ...
PMID:The contribution of discrimination analysis to the diagnostic decision in patients with lung carcinoma. 273 12

Over 8 1/2 years, we observed 27 patients with drug-induced respiratory disease (DIRD). The inducer drugs were mainly those used in cardiology (9 patients, of whom 8 had amiodarone pneumonitis), in oncology (8 patients), in rheumatology (4 patients; 3 from d-penicillamine and 1 from gold), and in neurology (4 cases from ergoline derivatives). The main pattern of DIRD was a diffuse interstitial lung disease having either a rapid, a slowly progressive or a chronic course. Only the two former patterns offered clearing following withdrawal of the drug. Severe bronchiolitis obliterans from d-penicillamine (2 cases) and pulmonary eosinophilia (2 cases) was also observed. The onset of DIRD occurred earlier, i.e. following shorter periods of drug administration (months), in the acute interstitial lung disease variant, while it occurred after years of drug exposure in subacute and chronic forms. In contrast to other reports, bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytosis was not a prominent feature in amiodarone pneumonitis. The outcome was favourable in 16 patients; deaths was encountered during the florid phase of DIRD in 3; incapacitating sequelae were noted in 6 patients, leading to subsequent death in 2; the underlying disease accounted for 7 additional deaths. Therefore, DIRD are relatively common, develop often in patients with severe underlying conditions, and interstitial pneumonitis is their pattern of predilection. Amiodarone emerges as a common inducer, and accounted for more cases than all chemotherapeutic agents grouped together in our series.
 ...
PMID:[Drug-induced respiratory complications. Study of 27 cases]. 278 7


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>