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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Suggested aetiological factors were evaluated in 244 consecutive children presenting with lower respiratory disease at Marondera Hospital, Zimbabwe. Data obtained from these children were compared with information obtained from 500 children seen at the local well baby clinic. There were no differences in the prevalence of malnutrition, breast feeding, overcrowding, poor housing conditions and poverty in these two groups of children. A significant association was identified between lower respiratory disease and exposure to atmospheric woodsmoke pollution in young children. Air sampling within the kitchens of 40 children revealed levels of atmospheric pollution far in excess of the WHO recommended exposure limit. Elevated carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations confirmed childhood smoke inhalation. We suggest that in many Third World communities a chemical pneumonitis resulting from the inhalation of noxious constituents of woodsmoke predisposes to lower respiratory disease in children.
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PMID:Indoor woodsmoke pollution causing lower respiratory disease in children. 228 65

This study assessed the incidence and clinical significance of recovery of Staphylococcus aureus from the respiratory tract of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In a retrospective review of 129 consecutive episodes of respiratory disease in HIV-seropositive patients where respiratory tract cultures were obtained, S. aureus was recovered in 30 (23%) of the episodes. Twenty-nine of these were evaluated in this study, and the recovery of S. aureus was found to represent pneumonia in 8 cases (28%), to be of indeterminate significance in 18 cases (62%), and to represent colonization in 3 cases (10%). Episodes of S. aureus pneumonia were usually community-acquired (seven of eight episodes) and had an acute or subacute clinical presentation. Fever and physical signs of pneumonia were present in all patients. Chest radiographic presentations varied, but local infiltrates were seen in seven of eight episodes. Concomitant pulmonary disorders were common (seven of eight episodes). All patients were appropriately treated; five patients recovered and three died, giving a mortality rate of 38%. We conclude that S. aureus is a frequent isolate from respiratory tract cultures of HIV-seropositive patients referred for evaluation of pulmonary disease. It can cause a pneumonia with a high mortality rate, as it did in 6% of all episodes of pulmonary disease reviewed in this study. Clinicians should be aware that HIV-seropositive patients may develop respiratory disease secondary to S. aureus infection and that when this organism is suspected, appropriate antibiotic therapy should be instituted.
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PMID:The incidence and significance of Staphylococcus aureus in respiratory cultures from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. 229 90

A single dose of culture fluid of Bordetella parapertussis freed from cells (CFCF) given intranasally to four-week-old mice free from intercurrent respiratory disease produced a subacute bronchopneumonia, which was similar to that induced by whole cells of ovine isolates of B parapertussis, except that the lesions were less severe and less extensive. From eight hours to 17 days after inoculation, the mice exhibited marked infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages into the alveolar septa, bronchiolar and alveolar spaces, and hyperplasia of peribronchiolar and perivascular lymphoid tissue. Electron microscopy showed damage to ciliated cells, type 1 pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages. These results suggest that extracellular toxic substance(s) produced by ovine isolates of B parapertussis might be involved in the initiation and development of lesions in ovine chronic non-progressive pneumonia.
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PMID:Pneumonia in mice produced by cell-free extract of cultures of Bordetella parapertussis. 230 Jul 9

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of acute bronchitis and pneumonia on the FEV1 decline rate in a random sample of Cracow inhabitants followed over a 13-year period. A total of 718 males and 1029 females completed the spirometric testing and interview in 13-year follow-up period. Acute chest diseases diagnosed and treated by doctors and reported by respondents in surveys were the source of data on broncho-pulmonary infections. The rate of FEV1 change, expressed in ml per year was estimated for each person in 13-year follow-up period. Persons who reported recurrent bronchitis and pneumonia had significantly lower initial FEV1 levels than those without infections. The effect was controlled for confounders like age, height, smoking and chronic chest symptoms. The initial low ventilatory function by itself was not a predisposing factor for chest infections, unless they were associated with chronic respiratory symptoms. Lung function in men decreased steeply after pneumonia infection, but the effect appeared to be reversible. This effect was not limited to people with pre-existing chronic respiratory disease. The data indicated that in some subjects who reported new symptoms of dyspnea on effort, the acceleration of FEV1 decline due to pneumonia was greater than in people without the symptoms. This may result from the fact that in lower respiratory infection, bacterial or viral agents can produce serious dysfunction of small airways.
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PMID:The effect of acute broncho-pulmonary infections on the FEV1 change in 13-year follow-up. The Cracow Study. 234 73

The levels of production, ascarid burden and respiratory disease were measured on 15 purposively selected swine herds, and the relationships between the various measures of ascarid burden were examined. On each farm 30 randomly selected pigs were weighed and rectal fecal samples were collected at approximately 11, 15, 19 and 22 weeks of age, and at slaughter. Fecal ascarid-egg counts and duration of infection were combined to calculate a composite measure of ascarid burden called "lifetime burden". At the abattoir the carcass weight and levels of anteroventral pneumonia, atrophic rhinitis, and liver lesions were recorded for each hog. The number of ascarids in the small intestines were counted. Study hogs were marketed at an average of 189 +/- 22 days. The average dressed carcass weight was 77.0 +/- 5.9 kg and the mean average daily gain was 0.519 +/- 0.071 kg/day. The percent of hogs with ascariasis varied widely among farms, no matter what measure of ascariasis was used; the percent with intestinal ascarids at slaughter ranged from 0% to 96%, the percent that shed ascarid eggs during their lifetime ranged from 0% to 100%, and the range for hogs with liver lesions ranged from 27% to 100%. Of the hogs slaughtered, 82% had milk spot lesions, 32% shed ascarid eggs during their lifetime and 35% had intestinal ascarids. The latter had an average of 12 intestinal ascarids. Anteroventral pneumonia occurred in 55% of the slaughtered hogs and 9% had atrophic rhinitis scores of five. The percent of hogs per farm with pneumonia ranged from 17% to 96%. The percent of hogs per farm with atrophic rhinitis scores of five ranged from 0% to 57%.
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PMID:Ascariasis, respiratory diseases and production indices in selected Prince Edward Island swine herds. 235 64

A semi-purified outer membrane anionic antigen (AA) fraction was isolated from Haemophilus somnus by a modified procedure of anion exchange chromatography to yield a protein fraction free of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The AA fraction (1 mg) was administered with or without the homologous lipopolysaccharide (10 micrograms/kg body weight) as vaccines to groups of cattle twice, three weeks apart. A control group which did not receive any antigen was included in the trial. Six weeks after the first vaccination, the animals were challenged intratracheally with a virulent pneumonic strain of H. somnus (70986) and observed for clinical signs of respiratory disease. The cattle were euthanized six days later and the lungs were evaluated for the severity of lesions macroscopically as well as histopathologically. Vaccination with AA alone provided the best protection against pneumonia as indicated by significantly lower clinical scores, less extensive gross lung lesions and mild histopathological lesions with immune cell infiltration. However, when AA was combined with LPS in the vaccination, this protective effect was negated and the animals showed more detrimental histopathological lesions than the controls.
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PMID:The protective effect of vaccination against experimental pneumonia in cattle with Haemophilus somnus outer membrane antigens and interference by lipopolysaccharide. 237 12

Branhamella catarrhalis is a Neisseriae-like organism that is the newest member of the family of pneumonic pathogens. The organism is seasonal, encountered only during the respiratory disease season. The majority of patients with pneumonia (80% to 90%) have underlying chronic pulmonary disease, and their clinical illness may be difficult to distinguish from exacerbations of lung disease by other causes. B catarrhalis is the most common bacterial pathogen in this setting after Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The organism is easy to identify in the laboratory, with a quality gram stain of sputum being the key to recognition. Most patients show patchy non-cavitary infiltrates on chest roentgenograms. Because 75% of isolates produce beta lactamase, empiric therapy with penicillin or amoxicillin is likely to fail. Recommended drugs include erythromycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Augmentin), or one of the newer broad spectrum cephalosporins.
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PMID:Pneumonia due to Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. 249 50

Legionnaires' disease is primarily a respiratory disorder, but recently several cases with extrapulmonary manifestations are reported. We report a case of Legionnaires' disease associated with pneumonia, diarrhea, central nerve disorders and rhabdomyolysis. The pathogenesis of rhabdomyolysis in Legionnaires' disease remains speculative. Endotoxin isolated from Legionella pneumophila may play a role in the pathogenesis of the myonecrosis. An additional factor that might contribute to rhabdomyolysis in this case is severe dehydration induced by diarrhea. Pneumonia with elevated CPK levels and myoglobinuria may suggest Legionnaires' disease.
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PMID:[A case of Legionnaires' disease associated with rhabdomyolysis]. 250 24

We have used a probe against the adenovirus genome to study cultured epithelial cells specifically infected with various types of adenovirus and Graham 293 cells, which contain few copy numbers of a fraction of the adenovirus genome. We have also examined lung tissue obtained from three cases of acute adenovirus pneumonia, two cases of adenovirus pneumonia that had passed through the acute phase, and nine cases of follicular bronchiectasis. Our purpose was to determine whether the probe was effective in detecting a wide variety of adenovirus types, to determine whether it could detect adenovirus in lung tissue that had been fixed and stored in paraffin blocks for several years, and to test the hypothesis that adenovirus was an important cause of follicular bronchiectasis. The results show that the probe was able to detect adenovirus from Genera B1, B2, C, D, and E with a sensitivity of 5 to 10 copies/cell. The probe also detected adenovirus in 14 of 14 slides from three cases of acute disease, but failed to obtain a positive result in the cases examined after an acute infection or in any of the cases of follicular bronchiectasis. We conclude that the in situ hybridization technique is useful in the investigation of active adenovirus infection of the lung. The failure to show that the virus persisted in the chronic respiratory disease that follows adenovirus infection, or that it was present in cases of follicular bronchiectasis could be due to either a true absence, or to its presence in a latent form that is below the level of sensitivity of this technique.
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PMID:In situ hybridization studies of adenoviral infections of the lung and their relationship to follicular bronchiectasis. 254 50

Pertussis (whooping cough) is an acute respiratory disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. It occurs worldwide and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in areas where immunization rates are low, particularly among children less than 1 year of age. The characteristic presentation of pertussis is paroxysmal coughing followed by a long inspiratory effort that produces the classic whoop. Lymphocytosis is frequently present. Complications include pneumonia and seizures secondary to hypoxia. The paroxysmal and convalescent stages of the illness can each last several weeks. Transmission occurs readily by respiratory droplets, and atypical or mild cases in older children and adults can be important in spread of the infection. Isolation, early erythromycin therapy, and erythromycin prophylaxis can reduce transmission, but vaccination is the primary means of control. An inactivated whole cell suspension of the bacterium has been an effective vaccine for protecting against pertussis since the 1950s, but whole cell vaccine may allow mild infections to occur and has been associated with local and systemic reactions that have eroded public acceptance. Component or acellular pertussis vaccines that are less reactogenic have been in use in Japan since 1981 and appear to be effective there. Development of an acellular preparation that is equally or more efficacious than whole cell vaccine may be possible, but clinical trials for measurement of protection against pertussis are difficult and trials with new pertussis vaccines will have to be carefully performed to avoid the controversies generated by earlier trials.
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PMID:Prevention of pertussis. 256 May 81


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