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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In October 1989, the Hungarian National Institute of Hygiene initiated the Children's Acute Respiratory Morbidity (CHARM) Surveillance System to assess the association between nine reportable respiratory diseases and air pollution. The weekly number of physician-diagnosed, reportable respiratory diseases among four age groups of children (less than 1, 1-2, 3-5, and 6-14 years) was tabulated for Sopron, a city with 60,000 residents. We calculated the proportion of diseases occurring during weeks with low, moderate, and high sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations. The weekly averages of the 24-hour median SO2 concentrations were divided into thirds at less than or equal to 17.6, greater than 17.6 to less than or equal to 26.3, and greater than 26.3 micrograms/m3 (range: 0.9-79.6 micrograms/m3), and the NO2 concentrations at less than or equal to 29.8, greater than 29.8 to less than or equal to 44.1, and greater than 44.1 micrograms/m3 (range: 4.2-90.1 micrograms/m3). During 1990, 11,474 respiratory disease cases occurred among the 4,020 children less than 15 years of age living in Sopron and monitored by the CHARM system. The two most frequently reported disease categories were rhinitis/tonsillitis/pharyngitis (71.5%) and acute bronchitis (8.5%). Sixty-seven percent of pneumonia cases occurred when SO2 concentrations were highest. We found no association between levels of NO2 and respiratory diseases. The CHARM Surveillance System may characterize more fully which groups of children develop particular respiratory diseases following exposure to air pollution.
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PMID:Respiratory disease surveillance in Hungary. 152 85

One hundred twenty-seven infants less than 36 weeks of gestation (mean +/- SE = 31 +/- 3.2 weeks) were studied with echoencephalography to determine the incidence and complications associated with white matter necrosis. Ten infants (8%) developed cysts ten or more days after birth, indicating postnatal onset of white matter necrosis. Univariate analysis showed that postnatal white matter necrosis was significantly associated with maternal infection (other than urinary infection), respiratory distress syndrome, and longer requirement of an oxygen concentration greater than 40%. Forward logistic regression analysis showed postnatal white matter necrosis to be associated with maternal infection, chronic placental infarction, congenital pneumonia, and longer requirement of an oxygen concentration greater than 40%. Neurodevelopmental outcome was abnormal during infancy in 4 of the 6 survivors with postnatal white matter necrosis. Severe respiratory disease and maternal and/or fetal infection appear to increase the risk of the immature brain to white matter necrosis, predisposing the infants to subsequent neurodevelopmental delay.
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PMID:Postnatal white matter necrosis in preterm infants. 156 Feb 87

Chlamydia pneumoniae is emerging as a significant cause of respiratory disease, including pneumonia and bronchitis, in humans. In this recently completed study of infection due to C. pneumoniae in patients presenting with pneumonia to SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn, we identified two individuals for whom cultures were positive on multiple occasions over a 1-year period. To determine the frequency of persistent respiratory infection with C. pneumoniae, follow-up specimens were obtained from nine individuals with culture-documented C. pneumoniae infection. Five of these individuals had persistent infection: four had a flulike illness characterized by pharyngitis, and one had bronchitis with prominent bronchospasm. All five individuals appeared to have acute C. pneumoniae infection as determined by results of serologic tests (titers of IgM antibody for all individuals were greater than or equal to 1:16). For three patients, cultures remained positive for 11 months despite therapy with 10- to 21-day courses of tetracycline or doxycycline. These observations suggest that persistent infection with C. pneumoniae may follow acute infection and may persist for many months. Infection with C. pneumoniae may be very difficult to eradicate with use of currently available antibiotics even if there is a clinical response to therapy.
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PMID:Persistent infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae following acute respiratory illness. 157 25

Risk factors, clinical syndromes and the case-fatality rates associated with Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infections in infants managed at the University of Rochester Medical Center during 1979 to 1989 were reviewed. Overall 92 episodes of early onset disease (EOD) and 54 of late onset disease (LOD) were diagnosed in 143 infants (3 infants with EOD presented later with LOD). About one-third of patients with EOD and controls were non-white compared with two-thirds of patients with LOD that occurred in racial minority groups. Prematurity and low birth weight were significantly more common in patients with invasive GBS disease than in controls. Eighty-three of 92 (90%) cases of EOD were detected during the first day of life and 10 of 54 (19%) cases of LOD occurred in infants older than 3 months of age. At the time of diagnosis 4% of infants with EOD were asymptomatic, 54% had respiratory disease, 27% had sepsis without a focus, 15% had meningitis and 1% had urinary tract infection or omphalitis. Among infants with LOD 46% had sepsis, 37% meningitis, 7% urinary tract infection, 6% osteomyelitis and/or septic arthritis and 4% cellulitis or pneumonia. Leukopenia and shift to the left were observed in 43 and 61% of episodes of EOD and in 28 and 57% of episodes of LOD, respectively. All infants were promptly treated with antibiotics and vigorous supportive therapy. The case-fatality rate was 13% in EOD and 0 in LOD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The changing spectrum of group B streptococcal disease in infants: an eleven-year experience in a tertiary care hospital. 174 91

Aspiration pneumonia is the fourth cause of death in Japanese, of which 92% occurs in elderly people aged more than 65 years. Pneumonia in the elderly is mostly due to aspiration. Aspiration is caused by disturbance of the pharyngeal reflex and cough mechanisms are due to disturbances of brain activity. Respiratory diseases including bronchial asthma must be treated with consideration of brain activity.
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PMID:[Management of respiratory diseases in the elderly]. 175 98

In order to determine the efficacy and safety of the new quinolone ofloxacin in the treatment of chronic lower respiratory disease, 674 patients (353 with chronic bronchitis, 212 with community-acquired pneumonia and 109 with hospital-acquired pneumonia) were treated with ofloxacin 200 mg twice a day. In total, 627 patients (93%) showed a satisfactory clinical response, and 47 patients (7%) had no change or deterioration. Neither severe side effects nor interactions between ofloxacin and coadministered theophylline were seen. This is important in patients suffering from chronic obstructive airways disease. The antibiotic spectrum of ofloxacin covers nearly all bacterial pathogens causing infectious respiratory disease; furthermore, ofloxacin reaches high concentrations in pulmonary secretions and tissue. Ofloxacin is a proven antibiotic substance useful in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections.
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PMID:Ofloxacin in lower respiratory tract infections. 180 86

In fattening turkeys 2.5 weeks of age a respiratory disease associated with coughing, nasal discharge and swelling of the infraorbital sinus was seen. Pathological findings in diseased turkeys were sinusitis, tracheitis, pneumonia and aerosacculitis. Virological investigations of trachea, kidney and intestine in SPF-chicken embryos resulted in the isolation of a virus, that could be identified as a paramyxovirus type 3 due to chemical-physical, biological, morphological and immunological properties. The pathogenicity of the isolate 324/86 to turkeys was shown in a test with three weeks old turkey poults. This is the first isolation and identification of a paramyxovirus-3 of turkeys in Germany.
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PMID:[Isolation of a paramyxovirus-3 from turkeys with respiratory tract disease in Germany]. 182 71

Forty-five dogs with severe respiratory signs caused by idiopathic, acquired laryngeal paralysis were treated by partial laryngectomy. The predominant postoperative complications were coughing in 28 dogs and pneumonia in 15 dogs. Eight dogs required a second operation to alleviate persistent or recurrent upper airway obstruction. Results of surgery were considered excellent in 11 dogs (25%), good in 18 dogs (40%), fair in 6 dogs (13%), and poor in 10 dogs (22%). Poorer results were obtained by surgical residents than by more experienced surgeons. Death in the immediate postoperative period was related to pneumonia (8 dogs) and laryngeal collapse (1 dog). Nine dogs died later of respiratory disease. Although partial laryngectomy is effective for the treatment of laryngeal paralysis, it is not recommended because of the high incidence of postoperative complications.
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PMID:Complications and long-term results after partial laryngectomy for the treatment of idiopathic laryngeal paralysis in 45 dogs. 185 48

Chlamydia pneumoniae has recently been recognized as an important cause of respiratory tract disease, including atypical pneumonia. Serosurveys suggest that C. pneumoniae is endemic in most countries and is capable of causing outbreaks and epidemics of pneumonia, especially in countries where the antibody prevalence is relatively low. The population incidence of infection appears to be cyclical, with approximately 4-year cycles in the US (Seattle) and 6-year cycles in Denmark having been demonstrated. Pneumonia caused by the organism is unusual in young children in developed countries but may be an important cause of lower respiratory infections among children in developing and tropical countries. In otherwise healthy adults, C. pneumoniae pneumonia usually can be treated effectively on an outpatient basis. Patients with C. pneumoniae pneumonia often have a gradual onset of symptoms: a sore throat and hoarseness followed by a cough. Auscultatory and radiographic findings usually are prominent, even in patients with mild disease, and a cough and malaise may persist for several weeks or more after appropriate therapy. Microimmunofluorescence serologic testing is available in only a few laboratories. However, the new HL cell line holds promise of making culture and isolation of C. pneumoniae more widely available. Questions remain about the routes of transmission of C. pneumoniae, its incubation period, its role in lower respiratory disease in children in developing countries, the optimal antibiotic therapy, the existence and importance of chronic and latent C. pneumoniae infections, and the organism's association with nonrespiratory tract disease.
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PMID:Infections with Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR. 185 69

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In this article, the parasitic and host factors contributing to the pathophysiology of P carinii pneumonia will be reviewed. In particular, P carinii adherence to alveolar epithelial cells plays a central role in the development of pneumonia. Potential mechanisms mediating this attachment include cell surface glycoproteins, exogenous fibronectin and components of the parasitic cytoskeleton. Host factors contributing to respiratory impairment also have been recently evaluated. Inflammatory responses, aimed at ridding the lung of P carinii, may result in further deterioration of respiratory function. A better understanding of the host-parasite relationship in P carinii pneumonia eventually will lead to the development of novel therapies for this increasingly common respiratory disorder.
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PMID:Parasitic adherence and host responses in the development of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 188 63


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