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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Respiration was tested in 66 patients with middle (15) and lower (51) esophageal cancer. In 32 patients damages in respiration biomechanics before surgery have been observed. In 26 patients respiratory failure was associated with concomitant diseases (pneumosclerosis, lung emphysema, cardiovascular diseases, etc.). 28 patients developed postoperative complications, in 22 of them lungs were affected (pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, pleuritis, pleural emphysema). Those complications were more frequently encountered in patients with signs of respiratory failure before surgery (72.7% of cases). It has been shown that with PEF less than 65%, FVC less than 85%, MEF 75% less than 65%, MEF50% less than 70%, MMF less than 70% and MVV less than 65% of due values, the likelihood of pulmonary complications in the postoperative period is enhanced.
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PMID:[The function of the external respiration in patients with cancer of the esophagus before and after surgery]. 152 48

High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings were correlated with pathologic features of 14 inflation-fixed postmortem lungs with pneumoconiosis to evaluate the ability of HRCT to depict pneumoconiotic changes. The results are as follows: 1) Irregular peribronchiolar and interlobular fibrosis was the most constant pathologic feature in all lungs. This pathologic finding corresponded to an area of hazy increased density or reticular density on HRCT. The reticular density on HRCT became coarser with the progression of fibrosis. Mild fibrosis, confirmed by histologic procedures, could not be detected with HRCT. 2) Subpleural curvilinear line seen on HRCT in 5 lungs corresponded to band-like zone of fibrosis containing bronchioles or zone of collapsed alveoli with fibrotic thickening on histologic sections. A subpleural band-like zone of organized pneumonia was recognized in 2 cases. Subpleural patchy density was seen on HRCT in 8 cases. Five of them were histologically a focus of fibrosis and the other 3 were localized pulmonary edema, organized pneumonia, or atelectasis without fibrosis. 3) Pneumoconiotic nodules were located at centrilobular portion or along interlobular septa on histologic sections. These location were correspond to HRCT findings. They were round with irregular borders and were surrounded by a zone of enlarged air space. Overall 71% (182/256) of pathologically proved nodules were seen on HRCT, but 63% (52/83) of small "p" type nodules (smaller than 1.5 mm) could not be detected. Enlarged air space at the periphery of the nodules was seen on HRCT in 78% (122/156) of those pathologically proved. 4) A total of 12 lesions of progressive massive fibrosis was found in 5 lungs. An irregular border, seen on HRCT in all lesions, was pathologically based on the fibrosis extending into the surrounding alveoli and partially confluencing pneumoconiotic micronodules. Pleural indentation was seen in 8 lesions. Patent residual bronchi, spared from destructive fibrotic change, were seen as strand-like air density on HRCT in 4 of 6 lesions. 5) Focal emphysema was found pathologically in 9 of the 14 lungs. They appeared as non-peripheral, small low-attenuation area with a central dot on HRCT. The dot histologically corresponded to fibrosis around centriacinar bronchovascular bundle. The limit of visibility of this form of emphysema on HRCT was 2.0 mm in size. When emphysema was complicated by pneumonia, some showed honeycomb appearance on HRCT. 6) It is concluded that HRCT can detect and quantify the various pneumoconiotic changes of the lung and the HRCT-pathological correlation data presented here will be useful for the interpretation of the findings in clinical cases of pneumoconiosis.
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PMID:[Pathologic-HRCT correlation of pneumoconiosis--a study on inflation-fixed lungs]. 154 47

The usefulness of digital image processing of chest radiographs was evaluated in a clinical study. In 54 patients, chest radiographs in the posteroanterior projection were obtained by both 14 inch digital image intensifier equipment and the conventional screen-film technique. The digital radiographs (512 x 512 image format) viewed on a 625 line monitor were processed in three different ways: (1) standard display; (2) digital edge enhancement for the standard display; and (3) inverse intensity display. The radiographs were interpreted independently by three radiologists. The diagnoses were confirmed by CT, follow-up radiographs and clinical records. Chest abnormalities of the films analyzed included 21 primary lung tumors, 44 pulmonary nodules, 16 cases with mediastinal disease and 17 cases with pneumonia/atelectasis. Interstitial lung disease, pleural plaques, and pulmonary emphysema were found in 30, 18 and 19 cases, respectively. The sensitivity of conventional radiography when averaged overall findings was better than that of the digital techniques (P less than 0.001). The differences in diagnostic accuracy measured by sensitivity and specificity between the three digital display modes were small. Standard image display showed better sensitivity for pulmonary nodules (0.74 vs 0.66; P less than 0.05) but poorer specificity for pulmonary emphysema (0.85 vs. 0.93; P less than 0.05) compared with inverse intensity display. We conclude that when using 512 x 512 image format, the routine use of digital edge enhancement and tone reversal at digital chest radiographs is not warranted.
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PMID:Image processing in digital chest radiography: effect on diagnostic efficacy. 156 21

Imaging of the respiratory system developed with exceptional rapidity in North America during the spring of 1896, after Roentgen's discovery of X-rays in November 1895, largely because of the efforts of a unique physicians, Francis H. Williams. With great zeal, this pioneer used fluoroscopy for early detection of tuberculosis and other life-threatening chest disorders. By the summer of 1896, he had accumulated more than 100 volumes containing tracings of clinical chest fluoroscopy. As a result of his extensive clinical experience, his dedication to patients' welfare, and his sense of scientific inquiry, several inventions and many landmark clinical observations were made in the first few years after the discovery of the X-ray. These included (1) the invention of a "densitometer" for standardized measurements of relative X-ray attenuation of the lung, (2) the invention of a "seehear" device to correlate auscultative findings and fluoroscopic observations, (3) the recognition that fluoroscopy was more accurate than percussion for estimating mediastinal displacement, (4) the discovery that clinically occult tuberculosis and congestive heart failure could be detected with fluoroscopy, (5) the documentation that unilateral chest disease caused decreased ipsilateral ventilatory compliance and increased contralateral ventilation, (6) the identification of the classical imaging characteristics of tuberculosis, pneumonia, pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, pleural effusion, hydropneumothorax, emphysema, congestive heart failure, and air trapping. In April 1896, Dr. Williams described the "air bronchogram" in a radiograph of a patient with pneumonia.
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PMID:Fleischner Lecture. Imaging the respiratory system in the first few years after discovery of the X-ray: contributions of Francis H. Williams, M.D. 160 79

Panipenem/betamipron (CS-976, PAPM/BP), a new carbapenem antibiotic, was administered a single dose of 500 mg or 750 mg via intravenous drip infusion twice a day for treatment of chronic respiratory infection to study its clinical efficacy, bacteriological efficacy and safety. Twenty nine cases were studied for the efficacy evaluation. Only the safety evaluation was made in 6 cases which were judged to be unsuitable, because in some of them pneumonia and other diseases were not specified as the subject diseases, of serious illness in some the conditions were too serious, and in the other cases the duration of administration was insufficient since administration had to be discontinued due to side-effects. The duration of administration was 6 to 18 days with 1 g divided into 2 doses daily or 4 to 15 days with 1.5 g in 2 divided doses daily. When clinical efficacies were classified according to different diseases, this preparation was effective in 11 cases and slightly effective in 1 case of 12 cases of chronic bronchitis with an efficacy rate of 91.7%. It was effective in 10 cases, slightly effective in 1 case and ineffective in 1 case of 12 cases of bronchiectasis with an efficacy rate of 83.3%. It was slightly effective in 2 and ineffective in 1 out of 3 cases of diffuse panbronchiolitis, and was effective in 2 cases of pulmonary emphysema with infections. PAPM/BP was given at a dose level of 1 g in 2 divided doses daily to 17 cases and that of 1.5 g in 2 divided doses daily to 10 cases. For the remaining 2 cases, changes in the dose level were made in middle course of treatment. The efficacy rate in the 1 g regimen was 76.5% and that with the 1.5 g regimen was 90%. The overall results in the 29 cases included 23 effective, 4 slightly effective and 2 ineffective cases, thus the overall efficacy rate was 79.3%. As pathogens, 11 species including 24 strains were isolated and identified from 19 cases. They were Gram-positive cocci including 2 strains each of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1 strain each of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus viridans and a strain of Streptococcus spp., and Gram-negative rods including 9 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 4 strains of Haemophilus influenzae and 1 strain each of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas spp.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[A clinical study on panipenem/betamipron in chronic respiratory tract infections]. 161 69

The incidence of mediastinal emphysema (ME) and pneumothorax (PTX) was analyzed to determine the roentgenographic patterns and risk factors for the development of barotrauma in a population of mechanically ventilated patients. The roentgenograms of 139 intubated patients admitted to our medical intensive care unit over a ten-month period were evaluated for the presence of ME and PTX. Barotrauma was diagnosed in 34 of these patients, and ME was the initial manifestation in 24 patients. Of these patients with initial ME, ten subsequently developed PTX, a positive predictive value of 42 percent. The adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patient population was at highest risk for barotrauma, with an intermediate risk seen in those admitted with COPD or pneumonia. Values of peak inspiratory pressure, positive end-expiratory pressure level, respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute ventilation were significantly elevated in patients who developed barotrauma as compared with patients who did not develop barotrauma. However, these elevations in part reflect the high incidence of barotrauma in the ARDS population, a patient group in which all of the above parameters were elevated.
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PMID:Pulmonary barotrauma in mechanical ventilation. Patterns and risk factors. 836 43

The importance of smoking and other factors for lung cancer in women was investigated in a case-control study of women who had previously received a multiphasic health checkup at Northern California Kaiser Hospitals. Smoking and medical histories for 217 cases and matched controls were obtained from the multiphasic questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) associated with cigarette smoking were 35.1 (95% CI 4.8-256) for squamous and small cell and large cell carcinomas combined and 2.5 (95% CI 1.3-5.1) for adenocarcinoma. After adjusting for smoking, risk was increased in women with a family history of lung cancer (OR 1.9, 95% CI 0.7-5.6) and family history of any cancer (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.0-3.2). A significant interaction existed between smoking and family history. Women with a history of bronchitis, pneumonia, or emphysema were at increased risk, whereas women with a history of asthma or hay fever experienced a significantly lower risk for lung cancer.
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PMID:Lung cancer in women: the importance of smoking, family history of cancer, and medical history of respiratory disease. 165 3

In order to evaluate whether age and pulmonary function testing may predict postoperative morbidity and mortality in the patients having received thoracic surgery, 203 patients were included in this study. Spirometry, flow volume curve, lung volume determination and arterial blood gas analysis were performed in all of them. Postoperative complications were classified into respiratory complications including pneumonia, purulent bronchitis, atelectasis, respiratory failure and so on; and non-respiratory complications including subcutaneous emphysema, internal bleeding, stump leakage, dysarrythmia and so on. Of the 117 patients over 65 years of age, 27 (23.1%) had postoperative respiratory complications, 27 (23.1%) had non-respiratory complications, and 7 (5.93%) expired postoperatively. Of the 86 patients under 65 years of age, 21 (24.4%) had postoperative respiratory complications and 9 (7.6%) had postoperative non-respiratory complications, but one expired. The incidences of postoperative mortality and non-respiratory complications were both higher in the patients over 65 years of age (p less than 0.05). Our results indicated that age is a risk factor of thoracic surgery, even if the pulmonary function testing meet the surgical criteria.
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PMID:[Age and pulmonary function testing in predicting postoperative morbidity after thoracic surgery]. 165 25

In spite of the great advances of the antibiotherapy and of the respiratory resuscitation techniques, the staphylococcal pneumonia continues to be one of the most severe bacterial pneumonias of the child, fact which may be explained not only by the poor immunogenic capacity of the infection, but especially by the virulence characteristics of the staphylococcus: necrotizing capacity, toxigenicity (complex), resistance to antibiotics, diffusion capacity of the infection (percontiguum or at distance), resistance to phagocytosis and bacterial lysis etc. The etiology (bacteriology and immunity), the epidemiological data (the disease represents 1/3 of the primitive bacterial pneumonias occurring during the first two years of life), data regarding the pathogenesis and the pathological anatomy are reviewed. The clinical picture, the radiological examination and the laboratory data are extensively analysed, after which the positive diagnosis, based on the correlation of anamnestic, clinical, radiological and bacteriological data, is discussed. Authors point out the contribution of the radiological examination that detects the typical lesions, the aspect of which changes characteristically very rapidly (from day to day), namely: aspect of frank pleurisy (common and very evocative), pyopneumothorax, pneumatocele, excavated staphylomas (abscesses), less frequently mediastinal pneumothorax or emphysema. The clinical differential diagnosis with a number of diseases: suppurative pneumonias, solitary pulmonary cyst, polycystic lung, infected pulmonary sequestration etc., and the radiological differential diagnosis with bilateral diffuse alveolar pulmonary opacities, excavated pulmonary opacities, images under the form of pulmonary "bullae" and "cysts" are discussed. The final part contains a detailed description of the treatment and its basic components: etiological (antibacterial) treatment, treatment by decompression and pleural drainage, resuscitation treatment, as well as of the course, complications and prognosis of staphylococcal pneumonia.
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PMID:[Staphylococcal pneumonia]. 166 2

Between 1986 and 1990 we found in 7 out of 100 continuously performed AIDS-autopsies at Auguste-Viktoria-Hospital (AVH) an extrapulmonary manifestation of Pneumocystis carinii (Pc). 4 of these cases showed only a singular infiltration of pulmohilar lymphnodi, while the remaining 3 cases presented various other organ involvements: spleen, liver, kidney, adrenal gland, prostate gland, pancreas, myocardium, thyroidea and eyes. All these AIDS-patients had a chronic or relapsing Pc-pneumonia with focal interstitial fibrosis, emphysema, and cavernous-cystic lesions. 6 patients developed a spontaneous pneumothorax due to ruptured subpleural bullae or cystic changes. Apparently the rare dissemination of Pc develops in the context of ruptured tissue and vessels in the pneumothorax lung of AIDS-patients during the final stage of the immunodeficiency associated with chronic lung changes.
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PMID:[Extrapulmonary manifestations of Pneumocystis carinii infection in AIDS]. 172 21


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