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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Proper treatment of pneumonia is dependent upon a correct diagnosis. Pneumonia may be due to infectious agents, allergic phenomena, or chemical causes. Treatment regimens are outlined for the various types of pneumonia--pneumococcal, staphylococcal, fungal, and pneumonia due to gram-negative and anaerobic gram-negative bacilli, to Blastomyces dermatitidis, and to the parasite Pneumocystis carinii. In discussing current concepts of treatment, several well-known methods are emphasized, as well as newer developments, knowledge of which is essential for optimal treatment of pneumonia.
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PMID:Current status of treatment of pneumonia. 0 Jul 92

To determine the role of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in pneumococcal pneumonia, hemodynamic measurements were made in 16 dogs before, and within 36 hours after, intrapulmonary administration of type III pneumococcus. Ten dogs with one lobe or more of pneumonia increased their pulmonary vascular resistances and slightly decreased their arterial O2 tensions. Hypoxia increased and hyperoxia decreased their pulmonary vascular resistances. During O2 breathing, arterial PO2 was less during than before the pneumonia and increased when pulmonary perfusion was diverted away from the diseased lung. In 2 dogs breathing air, forcing the cardiac output through the diseased lung caused an increase in vascular resistance that could clearly be reduced by O2 breathing. In 5 dogs, lung mast cell counts showed no decrease in the lobes with pneumonia. In pneumococcal pneumonia, the hypoxic pulmonary pressor mechanism serves to decrease blood flow to the diseased lobes and, thus, to maintain the arterial PO2. Lung mast cells could participate in this response.
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PMID:Preservation of hypoxic pulmonary pressor response in canine pneumococcal pneumonia. 0 Sep 35

During two epidemics of influenza A infection in Stockholm 1969-72, 249 cases were selected for a study on the effect of bacterial superinfection. Bacterial involvement was demonstrated through cultures and serologic reactions. The occurrence of C-reactive protein in increased amount in serum was significantly more common in the group which had the strongest indication of bacterial infection. An increased duration of fever, and a higher incidence of pneumonia, leukocytosis and erythrocyte sedimentation rate over 50 mm/l h was also the rule in cases with bacterial involvement. During both epidemics the bacteria most often involved were pneumococci.
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PMID:The influence of bacterial superinfection on the clinical course of influenza. Studies from the influenza epidemics in Stockholm during the winters 1969-70 and 1971-72. 0 47

A seminoma of both intra-abdominal testes in a forty-five-year-old patient is reported. Discovery of the tumor was fortuitous during admission for upper lobe pneumonia. Of particular interest in this case is that seminoma was found in both undescended testes. Surgical extirpation of both degenerated testes along with prostatic utricle was performed. The patient refused radiotherapy.
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PMID:Bilateral testicular seminoma in intra-abdominal testes. 0 91

Each of 41 patients with bacterial pneumonia was placed into 1 of 4 categories based on the relative clinical certainty of the diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. The frequency of pneumococcal polysaccharide in the sputum by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was then noted for each diagnostic category of patients. Detection of pneumococcal polysaccharide in sputum correlated with the diagnostic certainty of pneumococcal pneumonia, while results of culture of sputum were less indicative of pneumococcal infection. Saliva of 83 normal individuals failed to give positive tests for pneumococcal polysaccharide despite the presence of alpha-hemolytic streptococci on culture. Furthermore, the mere presence of pneumococci in cultures did not predict a positive test for polysaccharide by CIE nor did the absence of pneumococci mean that polysaccharide would not be detected. This study suggests that detection of pneumococcal polysaccharide appears more rapid, more sensitive, and more specific than sputum cultures in diagnosing pneumococcal infection of the lung.
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PMID:Detection of pneumococcal polysaccharide in the sputum of patients with pneumococcal pneumonia by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. 0 41

The use of Counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) for the detection of pneumococcal capsular antigen in the sputum and serum of patients suffering from acute respiratory infections is described. The CIE of sputum gave positive results in 224 (99%) out of 225 samples in which Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated by cultural techniques, and in 23 (9%) out of 262 samples in which no or other potential pathogens had been isolated. In the detection of capsular antigen in serum, CIE was positive in 32 (35%) out of 92 pneumonia cases and was associated with an increase in mortality.
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PMID:Use of Counter and rocket immunoelectrophoresis in acute respiratory infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. 0 66

A latex agglutination (LA) method for detection of pneumococcal antigens was evaluated and compared with counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). LA was 2 to 10 times more sensitive than CIE for the detection of purified capsular polysaccharides in defined media, but only when a 1+ or 2+ agglutination reaction was interpreted as positive. LA was much less sensitive than CIE with clinical samples. In 50 cases of pneumococcal pneumonia, antigen was detected in the serum almost twice as often with CIE (40%) as with LA (22%). LA was positive in six cases of pneumonia where CIE was negative; however, in three of these cases, antigen was detected only in undiluted sera, which raised some question about the specificity of the result. With 18 samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 11 patients with pneumococcal meningitis, the CIE test was positive more frequenlty (14 samples) than was LA (11 samples). Moreover, antigen was detected in CSF by LA in only one additional patient than was positive by CIE alone. There was one false-positive LA reaction among 45 samples of CSF from patients without pneumococcal infection. Although LA is a less complicated method than CIE, it is not a sensitive test for pneumococcal antigens and would be of little value as a routine diagnostic method.
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PMID:Latex agglutination in the diagnosis of pneumococcal infection. 0 22

Diffuse pulmonary edema, capable of arising in the absence of hemodynamic disorders is rare in infectious disease. They take on two different clinical appearances: a) acute edema of the lung with the syndrome of asphysia, b) a subacute dyspneic pneumonia with hypoxemia and hypo or normocapnia. These initial disorders can be followed by progressive respiratory failure secondary to the development of diffuse interstitial lesions with fibrosis and intra-alveolar hyaline deposits. The bronchiolo-alveolar lesions which induce a fibrin rich exudate are directly caused by the patogenic agent: myxovirus, essentially influenzae, and more rarely adeno or herpes virus. The role of bacteria and of certain parasites is more debateable.
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PMID:[Pulmonary edemas of infectious origin]. 0 55

Their frequency is estimated with difficulty, although on autopsy pulmonary edema is found almost routinely. It is a major complication of overdoses (48 p. 100 of severe intoxications). Their formation can be suspected, when after the first phase of respiratory depressions, with coma, myosis, and a variable latent period, a second attack of respiratory insufficiency occurs with tachypnea, and cyanosis. The chest X-ray shows diffuse alveolar infiltration, sparing the apices. The heart being generally of normal size. Rapid disappearance of this infiltrate (24 to 48 hours) enables the elimination of two diagnoses: pneumonia due to inhalation of gastric fluid, an infectious pneumonia. Their pathogenesis remains very debatable: - in the majority of cases abrupt L.V.F. can be eliminated: -on the other hand it could be an allergic accident of the anaphylactic type, or local liberation of histamine, or a local toxic action on the pulmonary capillaries; - hypoxia, secondary to respiratory depression, could lead to pulmonary edema, by the same mechanism as at altitude; - finally, owing to the central neurological disorders a neurogenic theory can be put forward. Their treatment is essentially a combination of Nalorphine with oxygen therapy (by mask, or if necessary by assisted, controlled ventilation) with prevention of inhalation of gastric fluid (gastric emptying) or curative treatment of possible aspiration by antibiotics, and cortico-steroids. Diuretics can be useful, as well as cardiotonics.
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PMID:[Pulmonary edemas due to acute heroin poisoning]. 0 75

Two brothers with severe combined immunodeficiency were treated with repeated transplantations of fetal thymus tissue. The first patient was not treated until he was critically ill, and the intramuscular transplants had no effect. He died at 11 months of age of overwhelming pneumonia. At postmortem examination a transplanted thymus seemed viable. In the second patient an intramuscular transplant had no effect, but three subsequent intraperitoneal transplants led to transient increase in circulating T lymphocytes with a concomitant fall in B lymphocytes. The results suggested an additive effect of each transplant. However, delayed hypersensitivity skin tests and in vitro mitogen responses were not influenced. Initially, transfer factor was given, and fetal liver was administered intraperitoneally together with the last thymic transplant. Neither of these measures had any observed effect, and this patient, similarly, died of pneumonia at nearly 12 months of age.
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PMID:Fetal thymus transplantations in severe combined immunodeficiency. 1 48


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