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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Influenza A epidemics were associated with a doubling to tripling of pneumonia rates among adult members of a prepaid medical care group studied between 1963 and 1975. Rates of influenza A associated with pneumonia increased with age. Influenza B epidemics did not have a similar effect. Overall pneumonia rates were highest in children younger than 5 years, but in this age group, other respiratory viruses dominated as causative agents. Influenza A and B epidemics were not always synchronized with those reported for the United States, and rates of influenza A infection varied between urban and suburban areas in sequential epidemics. In 1974, a year practically free from influenza A, a prolonged Mycoplasma pneumoniae epidemic kept rates of pneumonia high, especially during the summer.
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PMID:Rates of pneumonia during influenza epidemics in Seattle, 1964 to 1975. 75 28

Although the hallmark of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is pneumonia, the organism is also responsible for a protean array of other symptoms. With an increased awareness of the board clinical spectrum of M. pneumoniae disease and the ready availability of the cold agglutinin and M. pneumoniae complement-fixation tests, interested clinicians will note additional clinical-mycoplasmal associations in their patients.
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PMID:Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections of adults and children. 78 43

Organ cultures of ciliated tracheal epithelium derived from various animal species have been used to study several different mycoplasma infections. Human and hamster tracheal cultures have been used in particular to study Mycoplasma pneumoniae which, of all the human mycoplasmas, is the only one which damages the cultures. One reason for this is the capacity of the virulent organisms to attach to the cells; strains which are prevented from attaching or have lost this capacity do not damage the cultures. The organ culture system is therefore valuable in looking at the organisms-cell relationship but it is necessary to use animal models to study immunological processes. Hamsters, and more recently guinea pigs, have been used in this respect. The hamster model has been used to study the pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae pneumonia and also recovery from and resistance to infection. Humoral immune mechanisms seem more important than cell-mediated mechanisms in resistance, and the probable importance of local immunity is discussed. It is pointed out that it should be possible to establish the mechanisms underlying the development of M. pneumoniae sequelae where conditions, similar to those seen in man, occur in animals. Finally, the way in which the hamster model has been used to study the effect of tetracycline and erythromycin on the course of disease is discussed. As in man, therapy often improves the pneumonia but does not eradicate the organisms. This is probably due, at least in part, to the fact that the antibiotics are only mycoplasmastatic. Drugs with mycoplasmacidal properties are needed and the animal model would obviously prove helpful in evaluating these.
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PMID:The use of organ cultures and animal models in the study of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. 78 47

During each week of 1974, we surveyed, for illnesses and deaths, a continually changing population of yearling feedlot cattle that, for the year, totaled 407,000 animals. About 5.1% of the cattle sickened and, of these, 18.9% died. From the 3,943 fatalities, 1,988 necropsies were made. About 75% of the clinical diagnoses and 64% of the necropsy diagnoses were respiratory tract diseases; of the fatalities from respiratory tract diseases, 75% were attributed to shipping fever pneumonia. Nearly 72% of fatal cases of shipping fever pneumonia occurred during the first 45 days on feed. In the lungs of most cattle with shipping fever pneumonia, bronchiolitis, fibrinous exudate, colonies of microorganisms, lymphatic clots, intravascular clots, thromboses, and foci of necrosis were found. Pasteurella spp, Mycoplasma spp, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus were isolated from pneumonic tissues. It was hypothesized that pathogenic Pasteurella spp and other microorganisms in nasal secretions transfer from the nasopharynx into the lungs by draining along the tracheal floor into ventral bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli, and that pasteurella endotoxin, formed in infected lobules, thromboses and occludes lymphatics, capillaries, and veins and thereby causes ischemic necrosis.
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PMID:Shipping fever pneumonia in yearling feedlot cattle. 78 2

The efficacy of an inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine was evaluated in a double-blind study of 7,861 Marine Corps recruits at Parris Island, South Carolina. Vaccine was administered to half for the volunteers in a 1-ml dose by a jet-injection device, and phosphate-buffered saline was administered similarly to control subjects. Twenty-one vaccinees (5.3 per 1,000) and 43 recipients of placebo (10.9 per 1,000) were hospitalized with pneumonia; the incidence of illness among the two groups indicated a 51% overall protective efficacy for the vaccine (x2 = 7.49; P less than 0.01). The refined data for pneumonia due to M. pneumoniae showed 67% protective efficacy when serologic data were employed (x2 = 7.84; P = 0.005) and a 42% protective efficacy (x2 = 1.80; P greater than 0.10) when data from cultures for M. pneumoniae were employed. Vaccinees with pneumonia due to M. pneumoniae suffered no increased illness compared to controls, suggesting no hypersensitization with natural illness following the inactivated vaccine. Only when serologic data were analyzed did it appear that the M. pneumoniae vaccine protected against M. pneumoniae specific bronchitis (35% efficacy) but the difference was not statistically significant (x2 = 1.28; P greater than 0.20).
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PMID:Field trial of an inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine. I. Vaccine efficacy. 79 22

Respiratory tract infections represented one of the commonest illnesses that occurred among U.S. Army personnel stationed in the Republic of Vietnam. Between 1965 and 1970 the years of this review, respiratory tract infections ranked approximately equal to diarrheal disease as a cause of hospitalization or assignment to quarters. Rates varied between 20 and 110 per 1000 troops per year. The specific casual agents responsible for acute respiratory diseases in Vietnam were not defined. Limited observations suggest that members of the adenovirus group and respiratory syncytial viruses were involved. During the fall of 1968, influenza due to the A2 Hong Kong strain (H3N2) was widespread, but it was not associated with marked increases in rates of hospitalization or mortality. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was the most common demonstrable causative agent in soldiers admitted to hospitals with pneumonia, 42% in one series.
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PMID:Acute respiratory disease in the United States Army in the Republic of Vietnam, 1965-1970. 80 12

Knowledge of the pathogenesis of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been derived primarily from experimental infection of rodents. As part of an effort to establish a model with a closer resemblance to man, three seronegative, young, adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were inoculated with M. pneumoniae (10(7.4) cfu per animal) by oropharyngeal administration of coarse-particle aerosol. Five to six days after exposure of the animals, cultures obtained from the upper respiratory tract were positive for M. pneumoniae. Each animal subsequently developed a serologic response, as determined by complement fixation, complement-mediated killing, and tetrazolium-reduction inhibition techniques. Infection was subclinical, and serial chest roentgenograms failed to disclose pneumonia throughout the course of infection. Blood cell counts and titers of cold agglutinins remained unchanged. Althought M. pneumoniae was recovered from the upper respiratory tract of two monkeys for 50 days, there was no evidence of transmission of infection to cage-mate controls inoculated with broth.
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PMID:Experimental production of respiratory tract infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae in rhesus monkeys. 81 46

The pneumonic lungs of 42 cattle from 26 feedlots were examined for the presence of mycoplasma, pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Four animals representative of two lots failed to yield mycoplasma. One of these yielded the virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and Pasteurella hemolytica, the other yielded only P. P. multocida. Nine animals in eight lots yielded Mycoplasma sp.: five of these were M. bovirhinis, two were M. arginini and two were untypable. All of these animals yielded one or more of P. hemolytica, P. multiocida, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus or bovine virus diarrhea virus. Twenty-five of 29 animals in 16 lots yieled M. agalactiae subsp. bovis from lung tissues. The same organism was recovered from the arthritic joints of 12 of these animals. Eight of the 25 animals yielded no other pathogen and all of these had not received any treatment. Nine of the 25 M. agalactiae subsp. bovis positive animals also yielded one or more of P. hemolytica, P. multocida, Corynebacterium pyogenes or infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. Bacteriological and virological studies were not completed for the remaining eight of the 25 positive animals. In five lots of cattle which had not received medication for pneumonia and for arthritis only M. agalactiae subsp. bovis was recovered. Twenty-five grossly normal lungs obtained from normal cattle at the time of slaughter were cultured and all were negative. The possible role of M. agalactiae subsp. bovis in pneumonia and arthritis was discussed.
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PMID:Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis in pneumonia and arthritis of the bovine. 83 94

Over a period of 16 months acute mycoplasma pneumonia was diagnosed in 20 patients. All were rapidly and completely cured by ampicillin and cephalosporins, which are ineffective against mycoplasma, indicating that acute mycoplasma infection in children does not require selective treatment, the pneumonia probably being caused by other micro-organisms. There is no prove that mycoplasma pneumonia heals spontaneously, without any therapy.
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PMID:[New aspects on the treatment of pneumonia associated with acute mycoplasma infections (author's transl)]. 83 91

A patient with evidence of myocardial abnormalities and hemolytic anemia is described, in whom the responsible pathogen appeared to be Mycoplasma pneumoniae (as indicated by a 64-fold rise in complement-fixation titers, and by a change in cold-agglutinin titers from 1:8 to 1:4,096). Both cardiac and hematologic problems occurred during the recovery phase from pneumonia and were associated with marked deterioration in the patient's clinical status. Electrocardiographic and serum enzymatic changes mimicked the patterns seen in acute myocardial infarction.
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PMID:Myocardial dysfunction and hemolytic anemia in a patient with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. 83 58


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