Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Studies were carried out on the clinical efficacy of panipenem/betamipron (PAPM/BP) against bacterial infections. The results are summarized as follows: 1. PAPM/BP were administered to total 21 patients (7 cases of pneumonia, 1 case of bronchitis, 3 cases of cellulitis, 2 cases of purulent lymphadenitis, 2 cases of otitis media, 1 case of purulent parotitis, 1 case of sinusitis, 1 case of mastoiditis, 2 cases of urinary tract infection and 1 case of purulent meningitis) by drip intravenous injection. 2. Clinical responses of PAPM/BP were excellent in 12 cases, good in 7, poor in 1 and unknown in 1 case. The overall efficacy rate was 95.0%. 3. Concentration of PAPM in cerebrospinal fluid after 1 hour drip intravenous administration in 1 case of purulent meningitis were 6.84 micrograms/ml at the acute stage and 3.28 micrograms/ml at the recovering stage. 4. Neither side effects nor abnormal laboratory findings were observed except 1 case of increase of thrombocytosis out of 19 cases. 5. From the results, PAPM/BP was determined to be an efficacious and safe drug for the therapy of pediatric infection.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of panipenem/betamipron in pediatrics]. 151 25

Hyponatraemia has been described in association with a number of acute infectious diseases, mainly bacterial and tuberculous meningitis and pneumonia, and has been attributed to inappropriate secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP). The mechanism of inappropriate AVP production is uncertain, but there is experimental evidence to suggest that fever may stimulate secretion of AVP into plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. In this study, AVP concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from 37 febrile children with infections have been compared with those from 27 afebrile control subjects. Ten of the febrile children had meningitis (eight bacterial, two viral) and the remainder a variety of other infectious diseases. Seventy four per cent of febrile infected children were hyponatraemic (serum sodium less than 135 mmol/l) compared with only 8% of the afebrile controls. Plasma AVP concentrations were significantly higher in the febrile patients (median 2.92 pmol/l, range 1.0-23.25, n = 28) than in controls (median 1.67 pmol/l, range 0.57-6.0, n = 14) but there was no significant difference in cerebrospinal fluid AVP concentrations. There was no difference in plasma AVP concentrations between patients with meningitis and those with infections not involving the central nervous system. Careful attention should be paid to fluid and electrolyte balance in all children with acute infections.
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PMID:Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid arginine vasopressin in patients with and without fever. 152 19

Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on meropenem (MEPM) were performed in children. The results are summarized as follows: 1. A total of 16 patients was treated with MEPM. Each dose was 20 mg/kg, and administration was made 3 times daily using 30-minute intravenous drip infusion for 5-28 days. Clinical efficacies of MEPM in 16 patients with bacterial infections (1 with purulent meningitis, 1 with suspected subdural abscess, 2 with suspected sepsis, 4 with pneumonia, 1 with acute maxillar sinusitis, 2 with cervical abscess, 1 with acute gastroenteritis, 2 with skin soft tissue infection and 2 with urinary tract infection) were evaluated as excellent in 7 patients, good in 8 patients and fair in 1 patient with an efficacy rate of 93.8%. Fourteen causative organisms found in 11 patients (Streptococcus pneumoniae in 4, Branhamella catarrhalis in 3, Staphylococcus aureus in 3, Group B Streptococcus in 1, Escherichia coli in 3) were all eradicated. No adverse reactions were observed in any of the 16 patients. 2. MICs of MEPM against 6 clinically isolated bacteria (B. catarrhalis 2, S. pneumoniae 3 and S. aureus 1) from children with bacterial infections were examined. MEPM showed good antibacterial activities. 3. Pharmacokinetic studies: Peak plasma concentrations of MEPM averaged 43.07 micrograms/ml (37.20-46.30 micrograms/ml) at dose of 20 mg/kg administered by 30-minute drip infusion. In the first 8 hours after administration, the urinary excretion rates of MEPM averaged 39.9% of the administered dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on meropenem in children]. 152 74

The pharmacokinetics and the clinical effectiveness of meropenem (MEPM) were examined in the field of pediatrics. The results are summarized as follows. 1. A 4-year-6-month-old girl with suppurative meningitis (Haemophilus influenzae) was treated by intravenous drip infusion of MEPM in a daily dose of 29 mg/kg which was divided into 4 dosages, each dosage being infused over 30 minutes, and the drug concentration in cerebrospinal fluid was determined. Upon completion of infusion on the 2nd day of treatment, the drug concentration was 2.52 micrograms/ml, which corresponded to 3.6% of the drug concentration in the blood. 2. MEPM was used in 10 patients, including 3 with suppurative lymphnoditis, 2 with staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) and 1 each with pneumonia, suppurative meningitis, suppurative knee arthritis, facial phlegmon and pyelonephritis. The daily doses ranged from 30 to 117.6 mg/kg, divided into 3 to 4 dosages and administered via intravenous drip infusion over 30 minutes. Clinical responses were evaluated as very good in 7 patients, good in 2 patients and fair in 1 patient, with an efficacy rate of 90%. 3. Isolated pathogens were 2 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 1 strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae and 3 strains of Haemopilus influenzae. All of the 6 strains were eradicated, with an eradication rate of 100%. 4. In the safety evaluation, none of the patients was observed to have any side effects. Furthermore, no abnormal variations were found in laboratory test data possibly attributable to administration of MEPM.
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PMID:[Studies on meropenem in the field of pediatrics]. 152 81

Cefodizime has been shown to possess high in vivo antibacterial activity in a variety of experimental infection models involving different body systems and animal species: systemic infections, pneumonia and urinary tract infections in normal mice, intrauterine infections in normal rats, and meningitis in normal rabbits, as well as systemic infections in immunosuppressed animals. Most investigations found that the therapeutic efficacy of cefodizime frequently exceeded the one expected from its in vitro values and in many cases compared favorably with those of other cephems, even when the in vitro susceptibility of the infecting organism to these drugs was markedly higher. These findings have been attributed either to the superior kinetic profile of cefodizime--prolonged serum half-life and excellent tissue penetration with long-lasting levels--or to a synergy between its high bactericidal activity and host defence mechanisms. The parallel consideration of the MIC90 values of cefodizime and the pharmacokinetic profile of this agent in humans indicate that the vast majority of the relevant respiratory and urinary pathogens are covered by once-a-day cefodizime dosage regimens of either 1 or 2 g.
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PMID:In vivo activity of cefodizime. 152 86

For better definition of the clinical course and outcome of children with occult bacteremia caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), we reviewed the medical records of children who were initially managed as outpatients and subsequently found to be bacteremic. At Yale-New Haven Hospital (1971 to 1987) and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (1982 to 1987), 69 previously healthy children were identified with occult Hib bacteremia. Their median age was 14 months (range, 4 to 89 months). Thirty-six (52%) of the 69 were either febrile and/or had a focus of serious infection at follow-up (meningitis (17), pneumonia (5), epiglottitis (3), cellulitis (5), and septic arthritis (3)). Although the remaining 33 children (48%) were afebrile and appeared well on reevaluation, 3 of these 33 were still bacteremic and another 5 subsequently developed focal Hib infections. These 8 children were significantly younger (median age, 8.5 months) than the 25 children who remained well (median age, 16 months; P = 0.03). Of the 28 children who had initially been treated with antimicrobials to which their organism was known to be susceptible, 12 (43%) were improved at reevaluation and remained well; 7 (23%) of the 31 patients who had not received such antimicrobials improved and remained well (P = 0.17). Children initially managed as outpatients and later found to have had Hib bacteremia are at risk of subsequently developing a serious focal infection.
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PMID:Outcome of children with occult bacteremia caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. 152 40

We reviewed 75 outpatient cases of systemic infection due to group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GBS) evaluated during a 13-year period. Patient ages ranged from five days to eight months; 75% were younger than two months. Early-onset (less than or equal to seven days of age) GBS disease occurred in 10% of the patients, and late-onset GBS disease in 90%. The racial distribution was 60% black, 35% white, and 5% Hispanic. Symptoms included fever, irritability, lethargy, and altered-feeding pattern which lasted less than 24 hours in 88% of patients. On presentation, 33% were afebrile (eight had GBS meningitis); 32% did not appear ill (six had GBS meningitis). Of the total, 40% had GBS meningitis, of these, a greater proportion had either early-onset GBS disease or neutropenia. Infection other than meningitis was identified in 24% of all patients: pneumonia (six cases), cellulitis/adenitis (six cases), osteomyelitis/septic arthritis (five cases), and otitis media (one case). All patients survived. Systemic GBS infection in an outpatient population can involve infants up to eight months old, is more common in blacks than in whites, can be present without fever or compromised appearance, and usually has low mortality.
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PMID:Systemic infection due to group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus in children. A review of 75 outpatient-evaluated cases during 13 years. 156 97

We retrospectively reviewed 159 episodes of bacteraemic pneumococcal infection in 157 adult patients at the Helsinki University Central Hospital during two periods between 1976 and 1979 and 1986 and 1989. We looked especially at changes in underlying diseases and prognostic factors. The overall case fatality rate was 21% and there was a small diminishing trend in that rate from 28% (16/58) in the late 1970s to 17% (17/101) in the late 1980s. The patients who died in the late 1980s were younger than those who died in the earlier period. The most common underlying factors were alcohol abuse, cardiovascular diseases and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Old age was neither a predisposing factor nor did it predict the outcome. No significant changes in underlying diseases or prognostic factors were noted during the two periods studied except a small decrease in connective tissue diseases as underlying conditions. The factors related to increased fatality included hepatic cirrhosis, a combination of pneumonia and meningitis, complications such as shock, respiratory insufficiency, central nervous system disorders and circulatory acidosis, and laboratory findings such as thrombocytopenia, absence of leucocytosis and increased amounts of serum creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase on admission to the hospital. Previous splenectomy and malignant diseases were not associated with higher mortality. The thrombocytopenia at the time of positive blood culture and the circulatory acidosis as a complication seemed to be independently the most useful predictive factors for a fatal outcome using multivariate logistical regression analysis after adjustment to classic risk factors.
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PMID:Pneumococcal bacteraemia during a recent decade. 156 6

Group-C beta-hemolytic streptococci (GCBHS) is an uncommon cause of bacteremia. In a 5-year period, GCBHS accounted for 0.28% of positive blood cultures and 0.35% of bacteremias documented at our hospital. The incidence of GCBHS bacteremia was 0.05 episodes per 1000 admissions. We were able to analyze clinical data of 10 of the 13 patients with GCBHS bacteremias. All but one were adults with significant underlying diseases, and seven episodes were community acquired. The skin was the portal of entry in only one case. Clinical syndromes included primary bacteremia (four cases), pneumonia (two cases), endocarditis (two cases), and meningitis, intraabdominal infection, and metastatic suppurative pericarditis (one episode each). Of 13 isolates, 12 were identified to species level: six, Streptococcus equisimilis; three S. equi; two S. dysgalactiae; and one S. zooepidemicus. Resistance to penicillin was detected in one isolate and none of our isolates displayed penicillin tolerance, Four patients died (40%) despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
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PMID:Group-C beta-hemolytic streptococcal bacteremia. 157 40

Acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI) are the most common cause of death in Papua New Guinean children. Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae are almost universally carried in the nasopharynx from a young age and commonly cause disease. While most H. influenzae isolates from blood and cerebrospinal fluid are serotype b, other serotypeable and nonserotypeable H. influenzae are more frequently isolated in Papua New Guinea than in developed countries. Low levels of antipneumococcal antibody, malnutrition, and upper respiratory carriage of invasive pneumococcal serotypes are associated with increased risk of ALRI. An oral H. influenzae vaccine given to adults with chronic bronchitis reduced the bacterial load in sputum and may thereby help reduce transmission of bacteria in the community. The efficacy of conjugate H. influenzae type b vaccine in preventing pneumonia must be determined in developing countries; vaccines against other types of H. influenzae will also be needed to control pneumonia and meningitis.
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PMID:Epidemiology of acute respiratory tract infections, especially those due to Haemophilus influenzae, in Papua New Guinean children. 158 65


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