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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. It is endemic in South East Asia and tropical regions of Northern Australia. Sporadic cases have been described elsewhere. In this article we present a case of acute pulmonary melioidosis with fatal outcome imported from Brazil. The most common pathogen causing severe community-acquired pneumonia in Brazil is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Other possible pathogens include Legionella spp., Mycoplasma pneumonia, Gram-negative rods and viruses. There are few reports of melioidosis in the Americas. This article represents the second known human case of melioidosis from Brazil. Recognition of melioidosis as a possible cause of severe pneumonia, even if a patient has not been travelling in a highly endemic area, is important because of the therapeutic consequences. The epidemiology of melioidosis will be reviewed.
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PMID:Changing epidemiology of melioidosis? A case of acute pulmonary melioidosis with fatal outcome imported from Brazil. 1618 7

Melioidosis is much less common in children than in adults. This study investigated the incidence, demographic characteristics, presenting symptoms and outcome of pediatric melioidosis in Pahang, Malaysia. This retrospective study included patients < or =18 years old with positive body fluid cultures for Burkholderia pseudomallei from January 2000 to June 2003. Data on culture results were obtained from 2 referral hospitals. The incidence of pediatric melioidosis was 0.68/100,000 population per year. Of the 13 patients identified during the study period, 10 were male; 9 were Malays, 2 were Indians and 2 were aborigines. The mean age of these patients was 9.5 +/- 5.4 years. None of the patients had a previous history of confirmed melioidosis or predisposing factors for infection. Localized melioidosis was the most common presentation (46.2%) followed by melioidosis with septic shock (38.4%). Among patients with localized melioidosis, head and neck involvement (83.3%) was the most common presentation (2 patients with cervical abscesses, 1 with submandibular abscesses and 2 with acute suppurative parotitis) and another patient had right axillary abscess. All of the patients with septic shock had pneumonia and 2 of them had multi-organ involvement. The mortality among patients with septic shock was 80% and death occurred within 24 h of admission in all cases. In contrast, no complications or death occurred among patients with localized melioidosis. Melioidosis with septic shock is less common than localized melioidosis in pediatric patients, but is associated with very high mortality.
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PMID:Pediatric melioidosis in Pahang, Malaysia. 1621 Nov 38

Pneumonia is a common manifestation of melioidosis, the disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. In this study, we defined the prognostic significance of a positive sputum culture. A total of 712 patients presenting to Sappasithiprasong Hospital, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand, with melioidosis between January 1992 and December 2002 had a sputum culture performed during admission, which was positive for B. pseudomallei in 444 patients (62%). The median duration of sputum positivity was 9 days (range, 1 to 49 days). Sputum cultures were negative in 32% of patients with radiologic changes suggestive of pulmonary involvement. Overall in-hospital mortality was 48%. A positive sputum culture was associated with mortality (adjusted OR 2.8, 95% CI: 1.9, 4.0; P < 0.001). This was independent of renal disease, a prior history of melioidosis, positive blood cultures, and other potential confounders. The presence of B. pseudomallei in the sputum of patients with melioidosis is associated with a poorer prognosis.
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PMID:The role and significance of sputum cultures in the diagnosis of melioidosis. 1622 4

Melioidosis is caused by the saprophytic organism Burkholderia pseudomallei. The use of the indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) has found widespread use in areas endemic for this disease. Using this assay, we explored the serologic profile of 275 patients with culture-confirmed melioidosis in the Northern Territory of Australia. Based on a threshold titer of 1:40, the sensitivity of the IHA on admission was 56%. Female patients, those with positive blood cultures, and those with pneumonia independently predicted a negative IHA result. Most patients (68%) with negative admission IHA titers subsequently seroconverted. Most patients (92%) with positive admission IHA titers had persistently positive IHA titers. Relapses were not observed in 36 patients who had a negative IHA at least 1 month after admission, irrespective of initial admission IHA. The IHA has limited utility as a diagnostic test for acute disease, and most patients subsequently have persistently positive titers after recovery from illness.
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PMID:Indirect hemagglutination assay in patients with melioidosis in northern Australia. 1647 92

We conducted a retrospective review of 135 patients with melioidosis in Pahang from January 2000 to June 2003. Patients were mostly male (78.5%) and Malay (83%) with a median age of 51 years. Seventy four percent of patients were diabetic. Common presentations were pneumonia (40.7%), septicaemic without obvious source of infection (19.3%) and multiple organ involvement (15.6%). Only 32.7% were given appropriate antibiotics empirically. The overall mortality was 54% with most deaths (65%) occurring within 48 hours of admission. Patients with pneumonia, multiple organ involvement and septicaemic of unknown source had higher mortality as compared to patients with subcutaneous, musculoskeletal or single internal organ involvement without pneumonia (p < 0.001). The relapse rate was 19.2%.
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PMID:Melioidosis in Pahang, Malaysia. 1651 12

Melioidosis is an emerging infection in Brazil and neighbouring South American countries. The wide range of clinical presentations include severe community-acquired pneumonia, septicaemia, central nervous system infection and less severe soft tissue infection. Diagnosis depends heavily on the clinical microbiology laboratory for culture. Burkholderia pseudomallei, the bacterial cause of melioidosis, is easily cultured from blood, sputum and other clinical samples. However, B. pseudomallei can be difficult to identify reliably, and can be confused with closely related bacteria, some of which may be dismissed as insignificant culture contaminants. Serological tests can help to support a diagnosis of melioidosis, but by themselves do not provide a definitive diagnosis. The use of a laboratory discovery pathway can help reduce the risk of missing atypical B. pseudomallei isolates. Recommended antibiotic treatment for severe infection is either intravenous Ceftazidime or Meropenem for several weeks, followed by up to 20 weeks oral treatment with a combination of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and doxycycline. Consistent use of diagnostic microbiology to confirm the diagnosis, and rigorous treatment of severe infection with the correct antibiotics in two stages; acute and eradication, will contribute to a reduction in mortality from melioidosis.
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PMID:Clinical guideline for diagnosis and management of melioidosis. 1654 71

Pyogenic liver abscess in Taiwan is a well-known disease entity, commonly associated with a single pathogen, Klebsiella pneumoniae. Melioidosis is an endemic disease in Taiwan that can manifest as multiple abscesses in sites including the liver. We report three cases of liver abscesses caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. The first patient was a 54-year-old diabetic woman, who presented with liver abscess and a left subphrenic abscess resulting from a ruptured splenic abscess, co-infected with K. pneumoniae and B. pseudomallei. The second patient, a 58-year-old diabetic man, developed bacteremic pneumonia over the left lower lung due to B. pseudomallei with acute respiratory distress syndrome, and relapsed 5 months later with bacteremic abscesses of the liver, spleen, prostate and osteomyelitis, due to lack of compliance with prescribed antibiotic therapy. The third patient was a 61-year-old diabetic man with a history of travel to Thailand, who presented with jaundice and fever of unknown origin. Liver and splenic abscesses due to B. pseudomallei were diagnosed. A high clinical alertness to patients' travel history, underlying diseases, and the presence of concomitant splenic abscess is essential to early detection of the great mimicker, melioidosis. The treatment of choice is intravenous ceftazidime for at least 14 days or more. An adequate duration of maintenance oral therapy, with amoxicillin-clavulanate or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for 12-20 weeks, is necessary to prevent relapse. Liver abscess in Taiwan is most commonly due to K. pneumoniae, but clinicians should keep in mind that this may be a presenting feature of melioidosis.
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PMID:Pyogenic liver abscess caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in Taiwan. 1693 73

Burkholderia thailandensis is closely related to Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis. It is generally considered avirulent and previously has been reported to occur only in Southeast Asia. We report the first case of pneumonia and septicemia caused by B. thailandensis in the United States.
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PMID:Pneumonia and septicemia caused by Burkholderia thailandensis in the United States. 1705 Aug 19

Melioidosis, a serious infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a leading cause of community-acquired sepsis in Northeast Thailand, and the commonest cause of death from community-acquired pneumonia in the Top End of Northern Australia. The causative organism is a Gram-negative, motile bacillus that is a facultative intracellular pathogen. B. pseudomallei flagella have been proposed as a possible vaccine candidate and putative virulence determinant. Flagella expression was highly conserved for 205 clinical B. pseudomallei isolates, as defined by in vitro swim and swarm motility assays. No association was found between motility and clinical factors including bacteremia and death.
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PMID:In vitro motility of a population of clinical Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates. 1710 Mar 92

Melioidosis is an endemic disease in southeast Asia and northern Australia, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. A typhoon-related outbreak occurred in southern Taiwan in July 2005. High mortality in melioidosis associated with bacteremic pneumonia and septic shock. We report a patient with life-threatening melioidosis who developed rapid progression of bacteremic pneumonia with acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction and was successfully treated with recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC) and meropenem. Although rhAPC has been reported to reduce the mortality of severe septic shock caused by various pathogens, to our best knowledge, this is the first reported case of rhAPC application in life-threatening melioidosis.
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PMID:Successful treatment of life-threatening melioidosis with activated protein C and meropenem. 1733 13


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