Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Diarrhea, pneumonia, and malnutrition account for most of mortality and morbidity in children in developing countries. The Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) is making progress with more than 50% of children under the age of 1 year receiving vaccination against the 6 EPI-listed diseases. The eradication of poliomyelitis by 2000 is realistic, so that the world could be smallpox- and polio-free by the 21st century. In July-August 1988 a cholera epidemic erupted in Delhi, India in which several hundreds died. The combined whole cell and toxin-B subunit oral vaccine against cholera has shown a decrease in protection from around 75-80% at the end of 6 months to around 60% at the end of 2 years. Typhoid fever affecting close to 8 million people in Asia has been treated with the improved formulation of TY21A vaccine and with the Vi polysaccharide capsular surface antigen in encouraging trials in Nepal. Co-trimoxazole has reduced child mortality caused by acute lower respiratory tract infections at the community level. 3 oral antirabies vaccines have been found safe, and oral baits have been effective. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a major problem in may Asian countries involving sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combinations as well. Lymphatic filariasis is expressed clinically as elephantiasis. More than 90 million people are believed to be infected. Ivermectin in a single dose as low as 25 mcg/kg of body weight was shown to be microfilaricidal in lymphatic filariasis. Allopurinol riboside is effective against visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar. Leprosy and tuberculosis continue to be major health problems in Asia. There have been encouraging advances in immunization against cancers of the tropics, such as hepatitis B and primary carcinoma of the liver, the human papilloma virus and cancer of the uterine cervix, the Epstein-Barr virus and Burkitt's lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
 ...
PMID:Perspectives on research and diseases of the Tropics: an Asian view. 269 93

A follow-up study was done on the mortality from 1956 to 1975 among 2,383 Japanese patients with leprosy who were admitted to a leprosarium in Japan. The leprosy was classified into two types: lepromatous and tuberculoid. Irrespective of the type of leprosy or the sex of leprosy patient, mortalities were increased from tuberculosis, pneumonia and bronchitis, nephritis and nephrosis, and from total causes. The suicide rate was high among female patients. Deaths from total malignant neoplasms were higher than expected among patients with lepromatous leprosy for both sexes (49 observed vs. 44.02 expected), whereas they were lower than expected among patients with tuberculoid leprosy (35 observed vs. 36.83 expected); however, the differences were not statistically significant. Mortalities from cancers of the cervix and the esophagus among females with lepromatous leprosy were significantly higher. The risk of lymphoreticular cancers was not increased.
 ...
PMID:Cancer and other causes of death among leprosy patients. 694 67

Hospital-acquired pneumonia is one of the most important fatal respiratory diseases in the elderly. Prompt and precise empiric therapy is essential for recovery. Fourteen isolates from twelve elderly lepromatous leprosy patients (9 men, 3 women, mean age of 75.8 years) with hospital-acquired pneumonia were studied. Subsequently, empiric therapy with gentamicin and beta-lactams for nosocomial pneumonia in the elderly was examined. Fourteen types of bacteria isolated from expectorated sputum specimens consisted mainly of ten strains of gram-negative bacilli (71%) six of Klebsiella pneumoniae, one each of Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter agglomerans, Serratia liquefaciens, and Aeromonas hydrophilia and four strains of gram-positive cocci (29%) two of Staphylococcus sp., one each of Streptococcus sp. and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas sp. were not detected. Resistance rates of the etiologic agents to the antibiotics showed that gentamicin was 7.7%, ceftazidime 0%, and cefmetazole 23.1%. Cephalosporins were superior to penicillins. As a result of empiric therapy, six elderly leprosy patients with nosocomial pneumonia were cured and one improved temporarily. This study shows the necessity of specific empiric therapy for hospital-acquired pneumonia in a hospital with many elderly patients. The combination of gentamicin and beta-lactams is of value as an initial antibiotic therapy for hospital-acquired pneumonia in the elderly.
 ...
PMID:[Clinical bacteriology and empiric therapy for hospital-acquired pneumonia in the elderly at a national leprosarium]. 779 54

An 80-year-old blind man with lepromatous leprosy suffered from right femoral neck and humeral neck fractures on July 9, 1993. Because of fever (38.6 degrees C), difficult expectoration and diffuse bilateral perihilar infiltrates with consolidation in the left lower lung field on his chest radiograph, severe pneumonia was diagnosed. With intravenous hyperalimentation, imipenem/cilastatin (IPM/CS), ceftazidime, minocycline, gentamicin (GM), and human immunoglobulin were administrated. On July 29, hip screw-plate fixation was done. Citrobacter freundii was isolated from the sputum and its susceptibility was IPM/CS+, GM3+. Multi-drug therapy with GM and other antibiotics improved the patients' condition, but Citrobacter freundii were still detected and 43 days of medication were needed. According to a report by the Ministry of Health and Welfare in 1992, the resistance rate of IPM/CS against Citrobacter freundii is only 0.7%, and IPM/CS is more effective than beta-Lactams. This is a very rare case of severe pneumonia in an elderly patient caused by Citrobacter freundii that was suspected to have low susceptibility to IPM/CS.
 ...
PMID:[A case of severe pneumonia in an elderly man, caused by Citrobacter freundii suspected to have a low susceptibility to imipenem/cilastatin sodium]. 781 61

The T cell-derived macrophage-activating lymphokine, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), is the most broadly acting antimicrobial-inducing and host defense-enhancing cytokine thus far identified in experimental models of infectious diseases. The activity induced by IFN-gamma encompasses all classes of non-viral pathogens including intracellular and extracellular parasites, fungi and bacteria. In man, treatment with immuno-enhancing doses of IFN-gamma is safe, well-tolerated and stimulates the antimicrobial mechanisms of blood monocytes, circulating neutrophils and tissue macrophages. Aerosol administration activates alveolar macrophages in a compartmentalized fashion. Monocytes from IFN-gamma-treated patients with cancer, leprosy, and AIDS all respond with the activated phenotype, and suppressed monocyte HLA-DR expression in trauma patients can be up-regulated by IFN-gamma therapy. Thus far, IFN-gamma has been recognized as effective in the prophylaxis of chronic granulomatous disease and as adjunctive treatment in at least one systemic intracellular infection, visceral leishmaniasis. Additional trials suggest beneficial effects as prophylaxis in trauma and as treatment in leprosy, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and HIV- and non-HIV-related disseminated atypical mycobacterial infection. IFN-gamma is also being tested as a prophylaxis in patients with burns and advanced HIV infection and as an adjunct in drug-resistant tuberculosis. Future antimicrobial applications for IFN-gamma include: a) long-term prophylaxis in T cell-deficient states, b) short-term prophylaxis in patients with a reversible host defense defect such as granulocytopenia or immune response suppression induced by trauma or burn injury, and c) adjunctive treatment along with conventional antibiotic therapy for i) nosocomial pneumonia (aerosol administration), ii) opportunistic infections in general, iii) infections which typically respond poorly to available treatment and iv) for infections which require prolonged therapy for cure. In the latter, the addition of IFN-gamma may accelerate the response to conventional therapy and permit a clinically important reduction in the duration of treatment while preserving efficacy.
 ...
PMID:Current and future clinical applications of interferon-gamma in host antimicrobial defense. 892 89

Since ancient times, plants and herbal preparations have been used as medicine. Research carried out in last few decades has certified several such claims of use of several plants of traditional medicine. Popularity of Momordica charantia (MC) in various systems of traditional medicine for several ailments (antidiabetic, abortifacient, anthelmintic, contraceptive, dysmenorrhea, eczema, emmenagogue, antimalarial, galactagogue, gout, jaundice, abdominal pain, kidney (stone), laxative, leprosy, leucorrhea, piles, pneumonia, psoriasis, purgative, rheumatism, fever and scabies) focused the investigator's attention on this plant. Over 100 studies using modern techniques have authenticated its use in diabetes and its complications (nephropathy, cataract, insulin resistance), as antibacterial as well as antiviral agent (including HIV infection), as anthelmintic and abortifacient. Traditionally it has also been used in treating peptic ulcers, interestingly in a recent experimental studies have exhibited its potential against Helicobacter pylori. Most importantly, the studies have shown its efficacy in various cancers (lymphoid leukemia, lymphoma, choriocarcinoma, melanoma, breast cancer, skin tumor, prostatic cancer, squamous carcinoma of tongue and larynx, human bladder carcinomas and Hodgkin's disease). There are few reports available on clinical use of MC in diabetes and cancer patients that have shown promising results.
 ...
PMID:Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Momordica charantia: a review. 1518 17

A 12 y old girl was admitted 24 days after start a WHO multidrug therapy scheme for multibacillary leprosy (dapsone, clofazimine and rifampicin) with intense jaundice, generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatoesplenomegaly, oral erosions, conjunctivitis, morbiliform rash and edema of face, ankles and hands. The main laboratory data on admission included: hemoglobin, 8.4 g/dL; WBC, 15,710 cells/mm3; platelet count, 100,000 cells/mm3; INR = 1.49; increased serum levels of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, direct and indirect bilirubin. Following, the clinical conditions had deteriorated, developing exfoliative dermatitis, shock, generalized edema, acute renal and hepatic failure, pancytopenia, intestinal bleeding, pneumonia, urinary tract infection and bacteremia, needing adrenergic drugs, replacement of fluids and blood product components, and antibiotics. Ten days after admission she started to improve, and was discharged to home at day 39th, after start new supervised treatment for leprosy with clofazimine and rifampicin, without adverse effects. This presentation fulfils the criteria for the diagnosis of dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome (fever, generalized lymphadenopathy, exfoliative rash, anemia and liver involvement with mixed hepatocellular and cholestatic features). Physicians, mainly in geographical areas with high prevalence rates of leprosy, should be aware to this severe, and probably not so rare, hypersensitivity reaction to dapsone.
 ...
PMID:Dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome in an adolescent during treatment during of leprosy. 1565 79

A leprosy patient with no prior history of respiratory complaints, developed symptoms of dry cough, fever and dyspnea after six weeks of therapy. Peripheral eosinophilia and radiological evidence of pulmonary interstitial infiltrates pointed towards the possibility of drug-induced eosinophilic pneumonitis. The results of relevant tests for other possible pathologies were normal. The resolution of symptoms without any intervention other than withdrawal of the drug and subsequent re-challenge proved dapsone to be the cause.
 ...
PMID:Dapsone-induced eosinophilic pneumonitis in a leprosy patient. 1635 25

4,4'-Diaminodiphenylsulphone (Dapsone) is widely used for a variety of infectious, immune and hypersensitivity disorders, with indications ranging from Hansen's disease, inflammatory disease and insect bites, all of which may be seen as manifestations in certain occupational diseases. However, the use of dapsone may be associated with a plethora of adverse effects, some of which may involve the pulmonary parenchyma. Methemoglobinemia with resultant cyanosis, bone marrow aplasia and/or hemolytic anemia, peripheral neuropathy and the potentially fatal dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome (DHS), the focus of this review, may all occur individually or in combination. DHS typically presents with a triad of fever, skin eruption, and internal organ (lung, liver, neurological and other systems) involvement, occurring several weeks to as late as 6 months after the initial administration of the drug. In this sense, it may resemble a DRESS syndrome (Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms). DHS must be promptly identified, as untreated, the disorder could be fatal. Moreover, the pulmonary/systemic manifestations may be mistaken for other disorders. Eosinophilic infiltrates, pneumonitis, pleural effusions and interstitial lung disease may be seen. This syndrome is best approached with the immediate discontinuation of the offending drug and prompt administration of oral or intravenous glucocorticoids. An immunological-inflammatory basis of the syndrome can be envisaged, based on the pathological picture and excellent response to antiinflammatory therapy. Since dapsone is used for various indications, physicians from all specialties may encounter DHS and need to familiarize themselves with the salient features about the syndrome and its management.
 ...
PMID:The Dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome revisited: a potentially fatal multisystem disorder with prominent hepatopulmonary manifestations. 1675 57

A chronological table of the main diseases that have appeared throughout Japanese history was prepared for pharmacy students, especially for students of clinical pharmacy in the new 6-year system. In ancient times (even in the 8th century), smallpox and measles prevailed in Japan. Japanese people prayed to gods and Buddha to cure the sick. New infectious diseases, like ruebella, pest, typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, leprosy, etc., prevailed with the increasing exchange of culture from foreign countries. After the vaccines and the toxides were prepared, these infectious diseases were gradually stamped out in Japan early in the Meiji Era. While, public nuisances like the Minamata disease (CH3HgCl), Itaiitai disease (Cd), and atmospheric pollution with sulfurous acid gas, drug-induced suffering (Thalidomide, Sumon, AIDS, etc.) and toxin contaminations in foods have recently increased and produced new diseases. However, these diseases can be prevented if the workers in factories and government officers keep in mind the medical ethics and the ethics for pharmacists to protect the health of people from diseases. Today, cancer, diseases of cerebral vessels, heart diseases, and pneumonia are the four most important causes of death related to aging.
 ...
PMID:[Preparation of a "chronological table of main diseases in Japanese history" for pharmacy students of the 6-year program]. 1715 37


1 2 3 4 Next >>