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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The extensive laboratory investigations of respiratory disease in the U.K. over many years have demonstrated the frequency with which influenza viruses, both A and B, are found each winter. Only rarely are none isolated. These findings correlate well with other indicators of influenza such as increases in sickness benefit claims and in deaths attributed to influenza and pneumonia. However, outside these demonstrable peaks of incidence influenza viruses have been found to circulate over considerably longer periods often first appearing as early as November and continuing through to April or even May. But there has been no regular or predictable pattern determined. The period of 1968-76 has seen a series of differently developing influenza winter epidemics caused by a series of the H3N2 virus. The contributions of virus isolation and serology to influenza surveillance is discussed.
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PMID:The laboratory surveillance of influenza epidemics in the United Kingdom 1968-1976. 26 71

Cytotoxic T cells were detected in the cervical lymph nodes, lungs, spleen, and peripheral blood of mice with influenza. Lymphocytes decreased in the peripheral circulation and increased in the lung during the period of acute inflammation and pneumonia. Peak cytotoxic T-cell activity was present at the time of marked pulmonary infiltration, and it decreased with resolution of the pneumonia. The cytotoxic T cells in the lung were shown to be H-2 restricted and specific for the hemagglutinin of the infecting virus. The results indicate that hemagglutinin specific cytotoxic T cells are (a) induced during influenza infection; (b) they circulate in the blood; (c) they are present in greatest number; and (d) they have their peak cytotoxic effect when pneumonia is most marked. We interpret the results to indicate that specific cytotoxic T cells in the infected target organ are part of the immunological and pathological response to virus infection.
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PMID:Evidence that cytotoxic T cells are part of the host's response to influenza pneumonia. 30 13

Transpleural lavage of lungs from uninfected C3H mice yielded an average of 300,000 leukocytes per mouse. This number increased eightfold within 6 days after intranasal inoculation with virulent influenza A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) virus. Macrophages and lymphocytes in approximately equal numbers comprised 90% or more of the leukocytes both before and during infection. B, T, and null lymphocytes comprised, respectively, 9, 21, and 18% of the leukocytes before infection and 7, 26, and 5% by day 6. In absolute numbers, macrophages and T lymphocytes provided the major increments during infection. Cytotoxic activity of mononuclear cells from lung lavages was compared in a chromium release assay using syngeneic L929 target cells with the activity of mediastinal lymph nodes, spleens, and peripheral blood of uninfected and infected C3H mice. Nonspecific cytotoxicity for target cells infected with H3hkNeq1 or B/Lee influenza virus was found with mononuclear cells from uninfected mice. This activity tended to be highest with lavage leukocytes and was associated with adherent cells, presumably macrophages. Increased virus-specific cytotoxicity was detected with lavage cells by day 6 and persisted through day 9, the period of maximal pneumonia. Similar cytotoxic activity also appeared in cells from the nodes and spleen at this same time but was not detected in peripheral blood cells. The virus-specific cytotoxicity of lavage cells was due largely to a nonadherent cell possessing Fc receptors and theta antigen but lacking C3 receptors; these properties are compatible with actively cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The cytological characteristics of the infiltrating leukocytes and the cytotoxicity data suggest that the local T cell response to influenza virus infection in the lung is a major contributor to the pneumonia observed in this mouse model.
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PMID:Cellular changes in lungs of mice infected with influenza virus: characterization of the cytotoxic responses. 31 Apr 24

Diplococcus pneumoniae remains the most frequent cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Other frequently isolated bacterial pathogens are Hemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella organisms, and Staphylococcus aureus. The etiologic agents most commonly implicated in hopsital-acquired pneumonias are gram-negative bacilli including E. coli, proteus organisms, and species of Klebsiella-Enterobacter, pseudomonas, and Serratia. Among older children and young-adults, Myocoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of penumonia. Influenza is the most important cause of viral pneumonia in adults, but there is increasing concern about pulmonary infection due to adenoviruses. In those with a history of travel to endemic areas, the diagnosis of fungal pneumonia due to Histoplasma capsulatrum, Blastomyces dermatitides, or Coccidioides immitis, should be considered. Penumonias due to opportunistic fungi (including species of Candida, Aspergillus, and Phycomycetes) and higher bacteria such as Nocardia asteroides are also on the increase, and these arise mostly in compromised hosts. Treatment of pneumonia almost always must be started before culture results are known and in the overwhelming majority of cases, appropriate regimens can be selected after taking an adquate history, doing a careful physical examination, evaluating expectorated sputum for cells and organisms, and examining the chest x-ray. Although anti-infective agents are the mainstay of treatment for most infectious pneumonias, supportive therapy, including adequate tracheobronchial toilet, drainage of abscesses, oxygen inhalation, maintenance of adequate nutrition, and monitoring for super-infection and anti-infective side effects may be life-saving in certain situations.
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PMID:Infectious pneumonias: a review. 32 Feb 85

A 40-year-old woman who had recently undergone kidney transplantation was succesfully treated for diffuse influenza virus pneumonia. The illness was acute, with rapid onset, high fever, nonproductive cough, dyspnea, cyanosis, crepitations and rales over both lung bases, and associated arterial hypoxemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Prophylactic use of antibiotics to prevent superimposed bacterial infection and reduction of immunosuppressive therapy to minimal dosage during the critical phase of the respiratory infection contributed to the patient's survival. An episode of graft rejection was reversed by resumption of immunosuppressive therapy at standard dosage levels.
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PMID:Influenza virus pneumonia after renal transplant. 32 48

Three childhood cases of beta-hemolytic streptococcal pneumonia are presented with a review of the literature. The disease, though uncommon in childhood, results in severe local and systemic effects. Hematologic fluid and electrolyte problems are frequent. Pericardial disease and secondary bacterial invasion are added dangers encountered in management. Early and vigorous drainage of the pleural cavity is essential to successful outcome. It appears that predisposing viral disease, including influenza, is essential for acquisition of this form of bacterial pneumonia.
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PMID:Group a beta-hemolytic streptococcal pneumonia: clinical course and complications of management. 33 94

Fatal invasive pulmonary aspergillosis may follow viral influenza infections. Two cases with verified influenza A infection were followed by fatal necrotizing pneumonia due to Aspergillus fumigatus. Both patients demonstrated cutaneous anergy and lymphocytopenia. Influenza and perhaps other viruses that depress T-cell function may result in increased susceptibility to infections in which T cells are important in host defenses.
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PMID:Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis associated with influenza. 37 90

The matrix (M) protein of influenza A virus, one of the two group-specific internal proteins of the virion, was isolated in a pure form, and its immunogenicity was stable to heating at 100 degrees C for 2 min. Mice immunized with isolated M protein in complete Freund adjuvant and subsequently infected with influenza virus cleared virus more rapidly from their lungs than did unimmunized mice. Despite the rapid clearance of virus, the mice developed pneumonia that was at least as severe as in unimmunized mice. Preliminary studies suggest that the rapid clearance of influenza virus from the lungs of mice immunized with M protein may be initiated by a cell-mediated rather than a humoral response. The mechanism by which a cross-reactive internal virion protein can initiate clearance of the different subtypes of influenza is not clear. Perhaps the M protein is exposed on the surface of the virus-infected cell and is responsible for the cross-reactivity at the cytotoxic T-cell level recently detected between influenza A virus subtypes.
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PMID:Matrix protein from influenza A virus and its role in cross-protection in mice. 40 77

A comparative examination of 226 paired sera from patients with pneumonia was carried out by CFT, HI, neuraminidase activity inhibition (NI) and double immunodiffusion. A correlation of the results of agar gel precipitation and the CFT and HI tests was observed. Convalescent sera contained antibody to influenza virus ribonucleoprotein frequently, less so to its neuraminidase or hemagglutinin. The precipitation test was shown to be highly sensitive, easy to perform, and therefore should be used in examinations of sera from patients with influenza-bacterial pneumonia.
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PMID:[Assessment of the sensitivity of immunoprecipitation for the serodiagnosis of influenzal-bacterial pneumonias]. 41 Jan 61

Whole shaken cultures of 20 random, unidentified actinomycetes were extracted with n-butanol at pH 4.5, 7.0 and 8.5, respectively. Residues of butanol-extractable materials (BXM) were reconstituted (100X) in buffers and freeze-dried. BXM were surprisingly well tolerated in animals and were screened against influenza A viral pneumonia in mice. One culture yielded BXM-80 which suppressed both chemical (LPS) and viral (NDV) pneumonia in mice as well as inhibited rat foot pad edema induced by carrageenin. Aspirin, Butazolidin, hydrocortisone, indomethacin, and prednisolone, which are known to inhibit carrageenin-induced rat foot pad edema were tested against chemical (LPS) and viral (NDV) pneumonia in mice. Only hydrocortisone and prednisolone suppressed LPS pneumonia. All of these 5 compounds failed to inhibit NDV pneumonia. Microbial products are suggested as a source for new and unique anti-inflammatory agents.
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PMID:Experiences in the search for anti-inflammatory agents of microbial origin. 41 20


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