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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A human isolate of type A Hong Kong influenza virus (H3N2) was adapted to mice by serial passage. Lung homogenates from mice who received low passage levels contained about the same quantity of virus (10(6.2-6.95) 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml) as those from mice who received high passage levels (10(5.95-6.45) 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml); however, death occurred only in animals given high-passage virus. Passage 3 (P3) and passage 9 (P9) viruses were selected as representative of low-passage and high-passage viruses, respectively. Although minimal differences were detected in infectivity for rhesus monkey kidney tissue cultures and mice, P9 virus was at least 10,000 times more lethal for mice (mean lethal dose = 10(4.2)). Infection with P3 virus was accompanied by minimal bronchitis and bronchiolitis only, whereas P9-infected animals exhibited marked bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Striking thymic cortical atrophy was also demonstrable in the P9-infected animals and, although virus was more commonly recovered from thymuses from these animals, immunofluorescent studies revealed only a few cells containing influenza virus antigens. To further explore the participation of thymus-derived lymphocytes in influenza, athymic nude mice and furred immunocompetent littermates were given 500 50% mouse infectious doses of P9 virus. Nude mice exhibited an increased survival time and, in contrast to the extensive lung pathology seen in furred littermates, manifested minimal cellular infiltration and no tissue destruction in lungs. Brains from nude mice exhibited encephalomalacia with lymphocytic perivascular cuffing, which was not seen in furred animals. Virus was recovered from brains of 6 of 13 nude mice and 1 of 10 furred animals. The contrasting models suggest that thymus-dependent cells play a significant role in the inflammatory response to influenza virus infection and should prove useful for probing host-virus interactions which characterize influenza virus virulence.
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PMID:Effects of low- and high-passage influenza virus infection in normal and nude mice. 83 99

Six cases of miliary pneumonia are reported, in which the marked increase in antibody titers showed that Mycoplasma pneumoniae was the probable cause. The clinical picture of these patients showed an acute and severe onset, with the appearance of diffuse alveolitis. The outcome of the disease depended on the time of initiation of treatment in relationship to the onset of symptoms. One case was seen to progress to fibrosing alveolitis with persistent impairment of diffusion. This observation suggests the possibility that some cases of pulmonary fibrosis of unknown aetiology may be due to previous mycoplasmal infection.
Infection 1976
PMID:Miliary mycoplasmal pneumonia: a report of six cases. 95 95

The in vitro transformation of lymphocytes stimulated by a Mycoplasma pneumoniae preparation was measured by the uptake of 14C-thymidine. The lymphocytes from five patients with M.pneumoniae pneumonia showed a high degree of responsiveness when they were compared to the lymphocytes taken from eleven healthy control subjects who lacked M.pneumoniae antibodies. Another four patients with an acute affection of the central nervous system and serological evidence of an actual or recent M.pneumoniae infection had a lymphocyte response within the same range as that of the controls. The transformation of lymphocytes was studied at intervals for seven months after the onset of the illness in one of the patients with pneumonia. These studies showed an increasing response to a small dose of mycoplasma antigen. Lymphocyte transformation induced by other microbial antigens was studied in three pneumonia patients during and after convalescence. The first responses were low and increased more steeply than the response to M.pneumoniae. The later responses to the mycoplasmal and to the other microbial antigens increased in parallel. The usefulness of incorporating other microbial antigens in the evaluation of the patient's immune response to a relevant antigen in this type of experiment is discussed.
Infection 1976
PMID:Lymphocyte transformation studies in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. 95 97

A comparative study was undertaken in order to ascertain the effects of a Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection on pulmonary function. It appears that the literature has many articles devoted to the clinical symptomatology of this type of infection but there is very little information available on the abnormalities which occur in the lungs with this infection. The patients who were used as a comparative model had lung lesions which gave a similar radiographic appearance. The significant finding was that an obstructive syndrome with increased airway resistance was noted in the M.pneumoniae pneumonia patients.
Infection 1976
PMID:The results of pulmonary function tests in patients infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. 95 6

Nine children between the ages of seven to 12 were studied. All of these children had an acute unilateral pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Regional pulmonary function studies were performed with the aid of an Xe133 radio-spirometry. It was shown with this technique that the ventilation of the infected part was more reduced than the perfusion during the acute stage. Fourteen to 22 days after the onset of the disease three children had normal chest X-rays but abnormalities of the pulmonary function tests. In one child this abnormal function persisted at the third follow-up some months later. By the use of regional pulmonary function studies subtle abnormalities can be observed which would normally be overlooked when examining the pulmonary function of both lungs.
Infection 1976
PMID:Pulmonary function in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. 95 7

Of 222 patients with pneumonia in St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, in 1972, more were affected by bronchopneumonia (53%) than lobar pneumonia (46%). Two-thirds of the patients were males and 86% were aged 40 years or more. Only 59% had any bacteriological studies performed. It was unusual to isolate pathogens from persons who had received antibiotics before cultures were taken, but of cultures taken from persons not receiving antibiotics, 65% yielded pneumococci. Infections due to Staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas and enterobacteria were uncommon. Haemophilus influenzae appeared to be a co-pathogen in bronchopneumonia more than in lobar pneumonia. The mortality in lobar pneumonia was acceptably low (4%), but was generally high in bronchopneumonia, being 32% when the condition occurred after surgical operations and 35% when this form of pneumonia complicated other normally non-terminal medical diseases. The mortality was 17% in primary bronchopneumonia.
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PMID:Pneumonia in a city hospital. 100 42

The diagnosis and successful control of systemic Aspergillus niger infection in 2 adult patients with acute leukemia is reported. During induction therapy, the first patient developed pulmonary infiltrates, skin lesions and abnormal liver function tests. Aspergillus niger was found on skin and liver biopsy. This patient was successfully treated with Amphotericin B and granulocyte transfusions and he remains in remission. The second patient developed a pneumonitis and adynamic ileus with positive sputum and stool cultures for Aspergillus niger. The infection only responded to Amphotericin B and granulocyte transfusions and the leukemia to cytoreductive chemotherapy. The patient later relapsed and died after a febrile illness. Fungi morpholocially consistent with Aspergillus were found in the liver at autopsy. Infection with A. niger is rare even in this patient population; however fungal infections have become an increasing problem. The need for a high index of suspicion, especially when an infection is unresponsive to antibacterial antibiotics, the various diagnostic tools, and the need for aggressive therapy are stressed. Amphotericin B is the chemotherapy of choice but may be insufficient in a severely neutropenic host where the simultaneous use of granulocyte transfusions might be lifesaving.
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PMID:Successful control of systemic Aspergillus niger infections in two patients with acute leukemia. 106 May 8

Infections that occurrred in 92 previously untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease were reviewed from the time of laprotomy and splenectomy. Pneumonias occurred in nine patients with urinary tract infections in twelve during the immediate postoperative period. Severe bacterial infections did not occur in any patients during initial radiation therapy, adjuvant chemotherapy (stages I through IIIA), initial intensive chemotherapy (stages IIIB and IV) or during remission. Severe infections occurred in eight profoundly granulocytopenic patients with recurrent Hodgkin's disease. Streptococcus (Diplococcus) pneumoniae and Hemophilus spp infections were distinctly uncommon during the remission period. Herpes zoster, however, was very common developing in 22 of 92 (24 per cent) patients. Predisposing factors to herpes zoster included sex (female more than male), therapy (radiation plus chemotherapy more than chemotherapy alone), and age (less than 30 years of age more often than 30 to 50 years of age). Severe infection was uncommon in these patients except in ascociation with specific predisposing factors such as the immediate postoperative state of prolonged granulocytopenia associated with recurrent Hodgkin's disease or its therapy. Splenectomy per se did not affect either the incidence or the severity of infection during this period of 12+ months of observations per patient.
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PMID:Infections in 92 splenectomized patients with Hodgkin's disease. A clinical review. 120 37

Cryptococcus neoformans was the causative agent of pneumonia in a 9-month-old equine fetus aborted by a healthy American Paint mare. Endometritis was diagnosed on biopsy, and vaginal specimens obtained for culture were Cryptococcus-positive 1 month following abortion but not 5 months after abortion. Infection resolved without treatment between 1 and 5 months after abortion, and the mare was bred the following year and delivered a live premature foal without evidence of Cryptococcus infection.
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PMID:Cryptococcal pneumonia and abortion in an equine fetus. 128 42

Topical chemotherapy, prompt excision, and timely closure of the burn wound have significantly reduced the occurrence of invasive burn wound infection and its related mortality. Since wound protection is imperfect and invasive wound infection may still occur in patients with massive burns in whom wound closure is delayed, scheduled wound surveillance and biopsy monitoring are necessary to assess the microbial status of the burn wound and identify wound infections caused by resistant bacteria or non-bacterial opportunists at a stage when therapeutic intervention can control the process. As a reflection of the systemic immunosuppressive effects of burn injury, infection remains the most common cause of morbidity and mortality even though the occurrence of wound infections has been significantly decreased. Pneumonia is the most frequent infection occurring in burn patients today but the improvements in patient management, wound care, and infection control have made bronchopneumonia the most common form of this infection and gram-positive organisms the most common causative agents. The organisms causing bacteremia that exert a species specific effect on the mortality related to extent of burn injury and patient age have changed in concert with changes in wound flora. Infection control procedures, including scheduled surveillance cultures, utilization of cohort patient care methodology, strict enforcement of patient and staff hygiene, and patient monitoring have been effective in eliminating endemic resistant microbial strains, preventing the establishment of newly introduced resistant organisms, diagnosing infection in a timely fashion, instituting antibiotic and other necessary therapy in a prompt manner, and documenting the effectiveness of present day burn patient care and the improved survival of burn patients.
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PMID:The changing epidemiology of infection in burn patients. 129 Feb 68


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