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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is reviewed for dental practitioners, with an emphasis on oral findings; the clinical course, diagnosis, reporting, treatment, prognosis, transmission, and epidemiology are also covered. HIV infection has an incubation period that may be associated with glandular fever, a prodrome called AIDS-Related Complex (ARC) characterized by lymphadenopathy, low fever, weight loss, night sweats, diarrhea, oral candidosis, nonproductive cough and recurrent infections. AIDS is characterized by opportunistic infections. Over 50% present with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 21% with Kaposi's sarcoma, and 6% have both. The AIDS virus causes direct neurological symptoms in some cases. Oral candidosis (thrush) in a young male without a local cause such as xerostomia or immune suppression is strongly suggestive of AIDS. Other oral manifestations are severe herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, venereal warts, aphthous ulceration, mycobacterial oral ulcers, oral histoplasmosis, sinusitis and osteomyelitis of the jaw. Hairy leukoplakia, usually seen on the lateral border of the tongue, is probably caused by Epstein-Barr virus. Kaposi's sarcoma, an endothelial cell tumor, is characteristic of AIDS, and in 50% of patients is oral or perioral. Cervical lymph node enlargement will be seen in those with ARC as well as AIDS. No guidelines have been issued by the Department of Health and Social Security for dental surgeons in the UK for reporting AIDS cases. Although HIV virions have been isolated from saliva, there are no known incidents of transmission via saliva. HIV is less likely to be transmitted by needle stick injuries than, for example hepatitis B (25% risk), especially if the blood is from a carrier rather than a full blown AIDS case.
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PMID:Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: review. 352 29

Virus replication is described, and the clinical trials and indications for amantadine, rimantadine, vidarabine, vidarabine phosphate, acyclovir, ribavirin, and other promising antiviral agents are reviewed. Amantadine and rimantadine are useful for the treatment and prophylaxis of viral influenza A infections. Vidarabine is a second-line agent and is effective for the treatment of herpes simplex encephalitis, neonatal herpes simplex types 1 and 2, and varicella-zoster infections. Vidarabine phosphate (also known as vidarabine monophosphate) has a similar spectrum of activity and can be administered in smaller volumes than vidarabine. Acyclovir has demonstrated clinical efficacy for chickenpox, shingles (herpes zoster), genital herpes, and other herpes simplex infections. Acyclovir is also useful for the suppression of herpes infections. Systemically administered ribavirin is indicated for the treatment of Lassa fever. Aerosol ribavirin is effective for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in children and infants and influenza A infections in adults. Only acyclovir, amantadine, ribavirin, and vidarabine are used in clinical practice. Vidarabine phosphate and investigational agents such as rimantadine, ganciclovir (DHPG, BW B759U), phosphonoformate, and bromovinyl-deoxyuridine (BVDU) need further investigation.
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PMID:Recent advances in antiviral therapy. 354 44

Large, negatively charged, multilamellar liposomes were examined for their ability to improve the therapeutic activity of the broad-spectrum antiviral agent ribavirin (RIB) and the synthetic immunostimulant muramyl tripeptide (MTP-PE) in the treatment of viral pneumonitis. Liposome-encapsulated MTP-PE (L-MTP-PE) was superior to free MTP-PE in activating alveolar macrophages and in protecting mice against intranasal challenge with 10 LD50 (50% lethal dose) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Mice treated with liposome-encapsulated or free MTP-PE had no detectable viremia and had lower pulmonary titers of virus than controls. Liposome-encapsulated RIB (L-RIB; 3 mg per mouse), administered several hours after infection, was more effective than was free RIB (10 mg per mouse) in protecting mice against intranasal challenge with 10 LD50 of influenza virus, but neither L-RIB nor free RIB protected mice against HSV-1 infection. In contrast, combination therapy with both L-RIB and L-MTP-PE was more effective than either agent used alone.
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PMID:Therapeutic efficacy of liposome-encapsulated ribavirin and muramyl tripeptide in experimental infection with influenza or herpes simplex virus. 380 75

The first case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Norway, diagnosed in January 1983, is presented, with results of clinical, immunological, and microbiological studies and the results of autopsy. Immunological studies showed several immunological abnormalities, including a profound deficiency of the T-cell system of the type usually associated with AIDS. During the 11 months of symptomatic disease the patient had a series of opportunistic infections, including recurrent candida esophagitis, probable Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and severe and recurrent perioral Herpes simplex virus infection. During the last months he had increasing signs and symptoms of disseminated cytomegalovirus infection, which was probably the major cause of death, as revealed by autopsy. Autopsy also showed the presence of disseminated infection with a slowly growing, so far unclassified Mycobacterium species, and signs of a focal aspergillus pneumonia.
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PMID:Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Clinical, immunological, pathological, and microbiological studies of the first case diagnosed in Norway. 385 41

Disseminated tuberculosis occurred in 2 allograft recipients of kidneys procured on the same donor. Both recipients were treated by low dose prednisolone and azathioprine, and one of them was on a special protocol including antilymphocyte globulins as rejection prophylaxis. None of them experienced acute rejection. The early posttransplant period was uneventful except for the occurrence of mild viral infections in both cases (herpes simplex virus in case 1 and cytomegalovirus in case 2). 2 and 6 months after transplantation, respectively, patient 1 developed acute fever, asthenia, and disorientation while patient 2 presented with spiking fever and miliary pneumonitis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis grew in the urine of both recipients in the absence of clinical genitourinary symptoms. The two mycobacterial species had the same bacteriologic characteristics and the same antibiotic sensitivity. As the recipients had no evidence of a previous history of active tuberculosis, it is suggested, as for some other infectious agents, that mycobacterium was transmitted along with the transplanted kidneys.
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PMID:Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with renal allografts. 392 53

Benzalkonium chloride (as Roccal or Zephiran) was found to inactivate influenza, measles, canine distemper, rabies, fowl laryngotracheitis, vaccinia, Semliki Forest, feline pneumonitis, meningopneumonitis, and herpes simplex viruses after 10 min of exposure at 30 C or at room temperature. Poliovirus and encephalomyocarditis virus were not inactivated under the same conditions. It was concluded that all viruses tested were sensitive except members of the picorna group. The literature was reviewed.
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PMID:Inactivation of viruses by benzalkonium chloride. 428 40

Cyclocytidine (Cyclo-C) was evaluated as an antiviral chemotherapeutic agent in 10 children with herpes-group virus infections. The diagnoses of the patients were severe cytomegalovirus (CMV) syndrome with pneumonitis in acute leukemia (2), congenital or infantile CMV infections (3), herpes zoster encephalitis in acute leukemia (1), severe nosocomial varicella in compromised patients (2), varicella pneumonia (1) and acute encephalitis due to herpes simplex type-1 (1). Cyclo-C was effective in all the cases with acute infections, although it had no benefit on the course of chronic CMV infection with irreversible damages. However, complete or transient ceasing of viral shedding was obtained in all the 5 cases with CMV infections. From the present small open study, further evaluation of Cyclo-C as an antiviral agent especially in acute CMV infections is warranted.
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PMID:[Cyclocytidine therapy for the herpes-group virus infection in children. A preliminary study]. 618 67

A patient with recurrent simultaneous chronic infections, including cytomegalovirus pneumonia, disseminated zoster and perineal herpes simplex infection, whose immune responses were deficient (immunodeficient), is presented. Following treatment with acyclovir (19-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine), this patient had a rapid remission of these viral infections. The patient's clinical improvement is remarkable considering the duration of the viral infections and the continued immune deficiency. Acyclovir appears to act by a highly selective activation by and inhibition of viral enzymes. Prospective trials of this agent in immunosuppressed patients with herpes virus infections seem warranted.
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PMID:Successful treatment with acyclovir of an immunodeficient patient infected simultaneously with multiple herpesviruses. 625 42

A patient with no evidence of underlying malignancy or immunosuppression was found to have herpetic tracheobronchitis by bronchial brushing cytologic examination and bronchial biopsy. Herpes simplex type I antigens were localized in infected cells by means of the unlabeled antibody enzyme technique. Occasional cases of herpes simplex viral tracheobronchitis or pneumonitis have been reported in patients with severe burns or with malignancy. This is an unusual finding in otherwise health individuals.
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PMID:Herpetic tracheobronchitis: immunohistologic demonstration of herpes simplex virus antigen. 628 34

Herpes simplex virus (herpesvirus) was isolated from autopsy lung specimens of 20 patients with clinical, roentgenographic, and histologic evidence of pneumonia. Mucocutaneous herpesvirus infection preceded the onset of pneumonia in 17. Twelve patients had focal pneumonia, 10 of whom had concomitant herpetic tracheitis, esophagitis, or both. Eight patients had diffuse interstitial pneumonia, six of whom had dissemination of herpesvirus to the other organs. Of the eight lung isolates available for typing, seven were herpesvirus-1 and one, herpesvirus-2. A high prevalence of herpesvirus antibody in serum samples obtained before pneumonia and identical restriction endonuclease patterns between mucosal and lung isolates in individual patients indicated that, in most cases, herpesvirus pneumonia was due to endogenous reactivation of virus. Focal herpesvirus pneumonia appeared to result from contiguous spread of herpesvirus to lung parenchyma, whereas diffuse interstitial pneumonia appeared to be a manifestation of hematogenous dissemination of virus.
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PMID:Herpes simplex virus pneumonia: clinical, virologic, and pathologic features in 20 patients. 629 56


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