Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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In 1974-1987 at the virological department of the Regional Hygiene Station in Brno viruses from the group coxsackie A were isolated in 67 patients, in particular on newborn mice, and exceptionally in tissue cultures. Because typing sera were not available, it was not possible with the exception of coxsackie A9 to differentiate different serotypes. The aetiological relationship of the isolated virus and the disease was evaluated according to commonly accepted criteria. The infection was manifested clinically above all by affection of the nervous system--in 43 patients, i.e. 64.17%--most frequently as aseptic meningitis. The second most frequent disease were herpanginas. The group of coxsackie A viruses also played an aetiological role in diseases of the respiratory and digestive tract, in hand, foot and mouth disease. The disease took a benign course, only in a 7-day-old neonate it caused fatal haemorrhagic pneumonia. Infections caused by coxsackie A viruses occurred mostly in the summer and autumn months, sporadically or epidemically in child communities. In the population aged 0-15 years with the highest incidence in the group aged 0-5 years, mainly in boys.
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PMID:[Coxsackie A virus infections]. 254 Sep 16

An outbreak of infections caused by enterovirus 71 occurred in southeastern Australia during the winter of 1986. Infection was confirmed by virus isolation or serology in 114 patients, 65 of whom were admitted to hospital. Fifty-one percent of inpatients were infants younger than 12 months old and 85% were younger than 5 years old. Many cases of hand, foot and mouth disease occurred in the community during the epidemic, but 51% (33 of 65) of patients admitted to hospital had central nervous system involvement, often associated with severe symptoms. Six patients had encephalitis and one had a poliomyelitis-like paralytic illness. Various skin manifestations other than hand, foot and mouth disease occurred, especially in young children, and 25 patients had significant respiratory disease including at least 7 with pneumonia. Enterovirus 71 is one of very few viruses that cause hand, foot and mouth disease as well as a variety of other clinical manifestations. The most important of these is meningoencephalitis, which causes significant morbidity, especially in infants and young children.
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PMID:Outbreak of enterovirus 71 infection in Victoria, Australia, with a high incidence of neurologic involvement. 284 39

Livestock production system, particularly in pastoral areas, is mainly constrained by rampant livestock diseases and seasonal feed and water shortages. In areas like Dassenech, bordering Kenya and South Sudan, this risks are pronounced due to the unavailability of appropriate prevention and control. The research was conducted with the objectives of identifying major rampant diseases and designing appropriate prevention and control strategies. A cross-sectional study was employed, conducted using both participatory epidemiology and conventional veterinary investigation. Spatial and temporal occurrence of diseases was assessed. The major five diseases in bovine were contagious bovine pleuro pneumonia (CBPP), septicemic pasteurellosis, anthrax, foot and mouth disease (FMD), and black leg, in that order of importance. Similarly, in ovine, "unknown recent disease," pneumonic pasteurellosis, brucellosis, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), and septicemic pasteurellosis were ranked, starting from the most important whereas in caprine PPR, contagious caprine pleuro pneumonia (CCPP), goat pox, brucellosis, and pneumonic pasteurellosis were ranked in that order of importance. The seroprevalence in bovine were found to be 97, 10, 18, and 15% for septicemic pasteurelosis, CBPP, FMD, and brucellosis, respectively. The seroprevalence of septicemic pasteurelosis, PPR, and brucellosis was 86, 49, and 3%, respectively, in ovine. The seroprevalence of caprine sera for CCPP, PPR, and brucellosis were 87, 42, and 0%, respectively. The prevention and control regimen, vaccination against CBPP, should be at the beginning of wet season, whereas, for FMD, it should be at the end of wet season in bovine. Brucellosis for bovine, if has to be applied, should be at the beginning of dry season. PPR vaccination for ovine should be at the beginning of wet season whereas, for caprine, it should be just before start of dry season. Furthermore, the efficacy of aforementioned vaccines and its protocol should be verified in local context. In conclusion, this finding is an alarm and requires preparation and implementation of appropriate disease prevention and control strategy in collaborated approach. Further studies have to be conducted, with particular emphasis in determining the epidemiology, and prevention and control options of FMD and brucellosis.
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PMID:Mapping of major diseases and devising prevention and control regimen to common diseases in cattle and shoats in Dassenech district of South Omo Zone, South-Western Ethiopia. 2548 Apr 84

India has a rich and diversified flora. It is seen that synthetic drugs could pose serious problems, are toxic and costly. In contrast to this, herbal medicines are relatively nontoxic, cheaper and are eco-friendly. Moreover, the people have used them for generations. They have also been used in day-to-day problems of healthcare in animals. 25% of the drugs prescribed worldwide come from plants. Almost 75% of the medicinal plants grow naturally in different states of India. These plants are known to cure many ailments in animals like poisoning, cough, constipation, foot and mouth disease, dermatitis, cataract, burning, pneumonia, bone fractures, snake bites, abdominal pains, skin diseases etc. There is scarce review of such information (veterinary herbals) in the literature. The electronic and manual search was made using various key words such as veterinary herbal, ethno-veterinary medicines etc. and the content systematically arranged. This article deals with the comprehensive review of 45 medicinal plant species that are official in Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) 2014. The botanical names, family, habitat, plant part used and pharmacological actions, status in British Pharmacopoeia 2014, USP 36 are mentioned. Also, a relationship between animal and human dose, standardization and regulatory aspects of these selected veterinary herbals are provided.
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PMID:Veterinary herbal medicines in India. 2639 14

We studied risk factors associated with severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enteroviruses among patients aged less than 15 years admitted to King Narai Hospital, Lopburi, Thailand during 2011-2013. Cases were divided into either mild or severe. Severe cases were those with encephalitis, meningitis, myocarditis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema or respiratory failure. Risk factors for severe infection were evaluated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. One hundred eighteen patients met the case definition of HFMD. Of these, 95 (80.5%) were classified as mild cases, and 23 (19.5%) as severe cases; there were 5 deaths (4.2%). Of the 23 severe cases, 9 were infected with coxsackievirus A16 (CA16), 8 with enterovirus 71 (EV71) and 4 with both EV71 and CA16. The most common presentations among the severe caseswere: seizures (74%), pneumonia (39%), encephalitis (39%), and meningitis (13%). The clinical manifestations significantly related to severe HFMD on univariate analysis were highest body temperature 39.00C, duration of fever 23 days, absence of skin lesions, diarrhea, dyspnea, seizures and hyperglycemia. The clinical manifestations significantly related to severe HFMD on both univariate and multivariate analyses were age less than 1 year, absence of oral lesions and drowsiness/lethargy. Clinicians should be aware of these factors. Early recognition of severe cases is important to increase the rates of successful outcomes and reduce mortality.
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PMID:RISK FACTORS FOR SEVERE HAND, FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. 2652 18

Biosecurity is crucial for safeguarding livestock from infectious diseases. Despite the plethora of biosecurity recommendations, published scientific evidence on the effectiveness of individual biosecurity measures is limited. The objective of this study was to assess the perception of Swiss experts about the effectiveness and importance of individual on-farm biosecurity measures for cattle and swine farms (31 and 30 measures, respectively). Using a modified Delphi method, 16 Swiss livestock disease specialists (8 for each species) were interviewed. The experts were asked to rank biosecurity measures that were written on cards, by allocating a score from 0 (lowest) to 5 (highest). Experts ranked biosecurity measures based on their importance related to Swiss legislation, feasibility, as well as the effort required for implementation and the benefit of each biosecurity measure. The experts also ranked biosecurity measures based on their effectiveness in preventing an infectious agent from entering and spreading on a farm, solely based on transmission characteristics of specific pathogens. The pathogens considered by cattle experts were those causing Bluetongue (BT), Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR). Swine experts expressed their opinion on the pathogens causing African Swine Fever (ASF), Enzootic Pneumonia (EP), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), as well as FMD. For cattle farms, biosecurity measures that improve disease awareness of farmers were ranked as both most important and most effective. For swine farms, the most important and effective measures identified were those related to animal movements. Among all single measures evaluated, education of farmers was perceived by the experts to be the most important and effective for protecting both Swiss cattle and swine farms from disease. The findings of this study provide an important basis for recommendation to farmers and policy makers.
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PMID:Expert Opinion on the Perceived Effectiveness and Importance of On-Farm Biosecurity Measures for Cattle and Swine Farms in Switzerland. 2665 93

Most studies of infectious diseases in East African cattle have concentrated on gastro-intestinal parasites and vector-borne diseases. As a result, relatively little is known about viral diseases, except for those that are clinically symptomatic or which affect international trade such as foot and mouth disease, bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease. Here, we investigate the seroprevalence, distribution and relationship between the viruses involved in respiratory disease, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBR), bovine parainfluenza virus Type 3 (PIV3) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in East African Shorthorn Zebu calves. These viruses contribute to the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) which is responsible for major economic losses in cattle from intensive farming systems as a result of pneumonia. We found that calves experience similar risks of infection for IBR, PIV3, and BVDV with a seroprevalence of 20.9%, 20.1% and 19.8% respectively. We confirm that positive associations exist between IBR, PIV3 and BVDV; being seropositive for any one of these three viruses means that an individual is more likely to be seropositive for the other two viruses than expected by chance.
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PMID:Seroprevalence of respiratory viral pathogens of indigenous calves in Western Kenya. 2766 80

Andrographolide total ester sulfonate (ATES) injection is one of the products of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) currently used against viral infection in China. ATES injection was approved for manufacturing and marketing in January 2002. It is indicated for acute respiratory infections, tonsillitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, influenza, foot and mouth disease, bronchiolitis, herpangina, mumps, infectious mononucleosis and psychosis. However, its usage also carries risk. We investigated the use of ATES at the Wuhan Union Hospital from January 2014 to December 2014 and evaluated its real-world clinical application using the hospital centralized monitoring method. A total of 848 cases were enrolled in this study. In these cases, it was mainly used for postoperative anti-inflammation and treating upper respiratory infection, pneumonia and bronchitis. Among them, 39.86% were contraindicated. Irregular medication of adults and children accounted for 1.91% and 23.38%, respectively. Improper choice of solvent accounted for 3.18%. The choice of intravenous drip versus aerosol inhalation was reasonable. A case of adverse events (AEs) was observed in the monitoring period, and the incidence of adverse drug reaction (ADR) of ATES injection was 0.12%. ATES injection in our hospital is relatively safe with a low incidence of adverse reactions. The study assesses the clinical usage and adverse reactions of ATES injection, and provides suggestions for rational use in clinical practice.
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PMID:Clinical application analysis of andrographolide total ester sulfonate injection, a traditional Chinese medicine licensed in China. 2839 57

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious viral infectious disease that commonly affects small children. Typical clinical symptoms include low-grade fever, malaise and myalgia followed by a characteristic maculovesicular eruption on hands, feet and the oral cavity. In most cases, the disease is self-limiting, but some severe complications, including pneumonia, meningitis and encephalitis, may occasionally occur. The most severe outbreaks of HFMD have been observed in Asia-Pacific region; however, epidemics in Europe and America have also occurred in the past. The disease is caused by an infection with various members of Picornaviridae family in the genus enterovirus, most commonly by Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6), Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), and Enterovirus 71 (EV71). This report describes the intra-familial transmission of hand, foot and mouth disease between 2 sibling children (a 3-year-old girl and a 5-year-old boy) and their immunocompetent mother in Poland. Clinical presentation with signs, symptoms and a suggested treatment regime are discussed and illustrated.
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PMID:Hand, foot and mouth disease as an emerging public health problem: Case report of familial child-to-adult transmission. 3015 43