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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The diagnosis and successful control of systemic Aspergillus niger infection in 2 adult patients with acute leukemia is reported. During induction therapy, the first patient developed pulmonary infiltrates, skin lesions and abnormal liver function tests. Aspergillus niger was found on skin and liver biopsy. This patient was successfully treated with Amphotericin B and granulocyte transfusions and he remains in remission. The second patient developed a pneumonitis and adynamic ileus with positive sputum and stool cultures for Aspergillus niger. The infection only responded to Amphotericin B and granulocyte transfusions and the leukemia to cytoreductive chemotherapy. The patient later relapsed and died after a febrile illness. Fungi morpholocially consistent with Aspergillus were found in the liver at autopsy. Infection with A. niger is rare even in this patient population; however fungal infections have become an increasing problem. The need for a high index of suspicion, especially when an infection is unresponsive to antibacterial antibiotics, the various diagnostic tools, and the need for aggressive therapy are stressed. Amphotericin B is the chemotherapy of choice but may be insufficient in a severely neutropenic host where the simultaneous use of granulocyte transfusions might be lifesaving.
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PMID:Successful control of systemic Aspergillus niger infections in two patients with acute leukemia. 106 May 8

Quantitative glycogen determinations can be made in single blood and bone marrow cells, using microspectrophotometry or microfluorometry after staining with variants of the periodic acid--Schiff (PAS) reaction. These PAS variant reactions generally do not indicate the presence of non-glycogen PAS-positive substances, known to be prevalent in various hematopoietic cells, possibly due to masking of reactive groups. The specificity of the reaction in blood cells was ascertained by alpha-amylase digestion, which removed more than 95% of the PAS-positive material. Calibration of the PAS reaction was undertaken with a microdroplet model of pure leukocyte glycogen. The glycogen amounts in the droplets were determined by microinterferometry, the droplets were stained with a variant PAS reaction, and the total extinction of the reaction product in the stained droplets was determined by microspectrophotometry. The extinction coefficient (k) was obtained from the equation k equals Etot divided by M where (Etot) is the total extinction as determined by microspectrophotometry and (M) the dry glycogen amount as determined by microinterferometry. The microinterferometric dry mass determinations were calibrated by X-ray absorption in order to obtain the absolute amounts of glycogen. For practical purposes a reference system was made of normal neutrophil leukocytes. The glycogen content in the reference neutrophils was first determined with the micromodel. These neutrophils, now with a known glycogen amount, were stained with the PAS reagents and measured microspectrophotometrically in parallel with cells containing an unknown glycogen amount. Alternatively, the staining was made with a fluorescent PAS reaction, and the glycogen content determined by microfluorometry. Both methods appeared suitable for determining the glycogen content of blood cells from patients with various diseases, though the microfluorometric method was preferable for measurements of small amounts of inhomogeneously distributed glycogen. The mean glycogen content of normal neutrophil leukocytes was found to be 13.6 times 10(-12) g. The content was increased in infectious diseases such as pneumonia and tonisillitis, as well as in polycythemia vera and myelofibrosis, while low amounts were found in untreated chronic myelocytic leukemia. In chronic myelocytic leukemia in remission, the glycogen content of mature neutrophils had completely normalized. Erythroblasts normally do not contain detectable amounts of glycogen. However, in certain diseases such as beta-thalassemia and Di Guglielomo's syndrome, appreciable amounts of glycogen accumulate in the erythropoietic precursor cells. In beta-thalassemia this was associated with an arrest in the proliferation of early polychromatic erythroblasts, which accumulate glycogen in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. In all these diseases quantitative glycogen determinations in the blood cells have diagnostic importance.
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PMID:Quantitative cytochemistry of glycogen in blood cells. Methods and clinical application. 107 52

Concentrations of prostaglandins of the E and F series were estimated by radioimmunoassay in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 30 febrile patients (infants and adults) and of 19 afebrile, adult patients. In CSF of all feverish patients with meningitis, pneumonia, or pyelonephritis, concentrations of prostaglandins of the E series were about twice higher than those of the afebrile subjects. In contrast, concentrations of prostaglandins of the F series remained largely unchanged during fever. In accord with the results of animal experiments prostaglandins of the E series seem to act as mediators of fever during infectious diseases also in man.
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PMID:Prostaglandins in cerebrospinal fluid of patients during various infectious diseases. 121 52

Cryptococcus neoformans was the causative agent of pneumonia in a 9-month-old equine fetus aborted by a healthy American Paint mare. Endometritis was diagnosed on biopsy, and vaginal specimens obtained for culture were Cryptococcus-positive 1 month following abortion but not 5 months after abortion. Infection resolved without treatment between 1 and 5 months after abortion, and the mare was bred the following year and delivered a live premature foal without evidence of Cryptococcus infection.
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PMID:Cryptococcal pneumonia and abortion in an equine fetus. 128 42

Topical chemotherapy, prompt excision, and timely closure of the burn wound have significantly reduced the occurrence of invasive burn wound infection and its related mortality. Since wound protection is imperfect and invasive wound infection may still occur in patients with massive burns in whom wound closure is delayed, scheduled wound surveillance and biopsy monitoring are necessary to assess the microbial status of the burn wound and identify wound infections caused by resistant bacteria or non-bacterial opportunists at a stage when therapeutic intervention can control the process. As a reflection of the systemic immunosuppressive effects of burn injury, infection remains the most common cause of morbidity and mortality even though the occurrence of wound infections has been significantly decreased. Pneumonia is the most frequent infection occurring in burn patients today but the improvements in patient management, wound care, and infection control have made bronchopneumonia the most common form of this infection and gram-positive organisms the most common causative agents. The organisms causing bacteremia that exert a species specific effect on the mortality related to extent of burn injury and patient age have changed in concert with changes in wound flora. Infection control procedures, including scheduled surveillance cultures, utilization of cohort patient care methodology, strict enforcement of patient and staff hygiene, and patient monitoring have been effective in eliminating endemic resistant microbial strains, preventing the establishment of newly introduced resistant organisms, diagnosing infection in a timely fashion, instituting antibiotic and other necessary therapy in a prompt manner, and documenting the effectiveness of present day burn patient care and the improved survival of burn patients.
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PMID:The changing epidemiology of infection in burn patients. 129 Feb 68

Infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major feature of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Gastrointestinal involvement is being seen more frequently. Our collective experience involves nine patients with stomach involvement. Seven patients were intravenous drug abusers or homosexuals with AIDS. One developed CMV gastritis as a complication of leukemia and one patient was a West African with lymphoma and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. All our patients had biopsy-proven CMV inclusion bodies. The radiographic appearances varied widely. The findings included markedly thickened edematous folds, erosive gastritis with aphthous ulceration, and superficial and deep ulceration. One patient had deep ulceration with fistula formation. Computed tomographic (CT) scans confirmed the greatly thickened gastric wall and coarsened folds in two patients. Associated gastrointestinal infections included candida and herpes, and, in addition, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) was present in two patients. CMV gastritis may mimic several other conditions including erosive gastritis, peptic ulceration, lymphoma, and carcinoma. It should be strongly considered in immunosuppressed patients.
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PMID:Cytomegalovirus gastritis: protean radiologic features. 131 63

The viral infections with greatest impact on the renal transplant recipient are those due to cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and the two hepatitis viruses, hepatitis B and C. All of these are modulated by the administered immunosuppressive therapy, and all have both direct and indirect effects on the transplant patient. The direct effects are the infectious disease clinical syndromes that are produced (fever and malaise, pneumonia, hepatitis, and so forth). The indirect effects are several--all of these viruses contribute to the patient's net state of immunosuppression, predisposing him or her to the development of opportunistic superinfection with a variety of pathogens. In addition, both Epstein-Barr virus and hepatitis B virus have been clearly linked to the development of certain malignancies (lymphoproliferative disease and hepatocellular carcinoma, respectively). Finally, cytomegalovirus has been linked to allograft injury. Although antiviral strategies effective for cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infection are being developed, similar programs are not yet available for the hepatitis viruses.
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PMID:Viral infection in the renal transplant recipient. 134 23

A total of 21 patients developed active tuberculosis (TB) during hospitalization. Active TB was identified by bacteria-positive, biopsy or autopsy. Infection was confirmed to the lung, pleura, lymph node and miliary lesions and 7 patients had open tuberculosis. In half of the patients, chest X-ray films demonstrated unusual findings in adult tuberculosis: lower lung field pneumonia and miliary pattern. All the patients suffered from severe underlying diseases and an intensive therapy with steroid, immunosuppressive agents, antitumor drugs, radiation and operation was found as predisposing factors for TB occurrence. Nine patients recovered from current infection with anti-tuberculosis drugs; 14 patients died and TB directly caused death in 8 patients. These data strongly suggest that TB is one of the most important infections in compromised hosts. We emphasize that this infection presents a serious clinical problem in a general hospital today.
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PMID:Hospital-onset tuberculosis in compromised host. 139 74

Infection with herpes simplex virus is common among immunosuppressed patients. In an attempt to prevent such infection, 58 patients (group 1) who underwent cardiac transplantation between 1987 and 1990 were given acyclovir (200 mg orally three times a day) prophylactically throughout their postoperative hospital stay (mean 22 days +/- 1 day). The patients' immunosuppressive protocol included cyclosporine, azathioprine and prednisone. The course of these patients was compared to that of 24 patients (group 2) who underwent cardiac transplantation between 1983 and 1986 but were not given prophylactic antiviral treatment postoperatively. The immunosuppressive protocol in these patients consisted of cyclosporine and prednisone. Herpes infection developed during the 1st year in 5 patients (9%) in group 1 and in 11 patients (46%) in group 2 (p < 0.05). The actuarial rates of freedom from herpes infection at 1, 6 and 12 months after transplantation were 100%, 98% +/- 2% and 95% +/- 3%, respectively, in group 1 and 82% +/- 7%, 58% +/- 11%, 53% +/- 11% in group 2. All viral infections were cutaneous or mucosal, except for one, which developed in a patient with pneumonia. All infections responded well to treatment, although one patient with an infected cornea was left with a permanent visual deficit. The authors conclude that prophylaxis of herpes simplex virus infection with acyclovir administered orally in the early postoperative period is effective in preventing viral infections during the 1st year after cardiac transplantation.
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PMID:Prevention of herpes simplex virus infection by oral acyclovir after cardiac transplantation. 139 67

The prevalence of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (MO) in three Communal Lands flocks of goats on the outskirts of Harare is described. In a single sampling of nasal swabs from 172 randomly selected, apparently healthy goats, 112 animals were identified as carriers of MO. The three flocks had a history of occasional deaths, following chronic and subacute pneumonia associated with isolation of MO as the only identifiable pathogen. Attempts to induce clinical pneumonia in groups of 6 to 8-week-old kids and lambs with local isolates of MO were not successful. However, MO was consistently cultured from the trachea, lungs, lymph node and thymus of some test animals. Cuffing interstitial pneumonia was also observed in these animals. Infection of the thymus occurred; this has not previously been reported with any Mycoplasma sp. The animals did not produce detectable serum antibodies to MO nor were they reactive to MO antigen in a tuberculin-type hypersensitivity test. The possibility that a state of immunotolerance may have been responsible for failure to develop clinical pneumonia is discussed.
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PMID:Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection in Zimbabwean goats and sheep. 143 Mar 48


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