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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Because of the continuing morbidity and mortality resulting from pneumococcal infection, a program was instituted to redevelop polyvalent vaccines consisting of capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Vaccines containing 50 microgram each of the capsular polysaccharides of as many as 13 pneumococcal types have been shown to be safe, antigenic, and 78.5% effective in the prevention of type-specific putative pneumococcal pneumonia and of type-specific pneumococcal bacteremia in adults. In a population in which pneumococcal pneumonia predominated, the total incidence of radiologically confirmed pneumonia, irrespective of cause, was reduced by 54.3% by use of a tridecavalent vaccine. The efficacy of vaccine in the prevention of infection during the first two years of life is under investigation. The vaccine is recommended for those at high risk of pneumococcal infection or of a fatal outcome from such illness.
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PMID:Prevention of pneumococcal infection by immunization with capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae: current status of polyvalent vaccines. 1 43

Levels of complement proteins and functional activity of the alternate complement pathway were assessed in 39 patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. Mean levels of C3 and properdin and the functional activity of the alternate pathway in acute sera were significantly (P less than 0.05) below normal, whereas levels of components of the early classical pathway were normal. Although levels of factor B were in the normal range, they correlated significantly with C3 levels; there was no significant relation between C3 levels and C4 or C1q levels. The 19 patients iwth pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteremia had significantly lower mean values of properdin and factor B than the 20 patients without bacteremia, suggesting a more severe depression of the alternate complement pathway with bacteremia. During convalescence, complement levels were normal or elevated in most of the patients, but mean levels of properdin remained significantly below normal in bacteremic patients. Functional activity of the alternate pathway also remained below normal. These results indicate that there is a selective depression of the alternate pathway in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia, and they are consistent with the concept that the alternate pathway has an important role in host defenses in pneumococcal infection.
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PMID:Complement levels in pneumococcal pneumonia. 2 Apr 5

Type-specific pneumococcal respiratory disease was studied in a chronic-disease hospital during a 27-month period. Isolates from 50 patients with pneumonia and from 24 patients with chronic bronchitis were available for typing. Vaccine types were isolated from 74 per cent of patients with pneumonia and from 42 per cent of patients with chronic bronchitis. Pneumococcal types isolated from 5 of 8 patients with bacteremia and from 6 of 9 patients who died were also included in the vaccine. The data suggest that, theoretically, closed populations of elderly and chronically ill patients would benefit from vaccination in an attempt to control pneumococcal pneumonia. Less clear is the potential role vaccination in patients with chronic bronchitis.
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PMID:Type-specific pneumococcal respiratory disease in the elderly and chronically III. 2 32

Polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines have been shown to be safe, immunogenic and efficacious and are becoming available for use in patients at high risk of developing pneumococcal infections. Precise estimates of the role of the pneumococcus in human respiratory disease are difficult to obtain, as this organism is also a frequent commensal of the upper respiratory tract; and as the optimal techniques for the identification and proof of its role are not widely used. Nevertheless, the pneumococcus remains the principal cause of adult pneumonia and paediatric otitis media, and is also an important cause of death from bacteremia and meningitis. At present it seems likely that in Australia these vaccines will be most useful amongst people over the age of 50 years, those with chronic systemic disease, alcoholics, splenectomized individuals and disadvantaged groups such as Australian aborigines, all of whom are particularly susceptible to pneumo-coccal bacteremia which has a considerable mortality rate. The possibility of preventing pneumococcal otitis media in childhood is still being evaluated. Studies of the role played by the various pneumococcal serotypes in Australian populations are urgently needed.
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PMID:Pneumococcal disease and its prevention with polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines--a review. 3 23

An etiologic classification of acute pneumonia was presented and the relative importance of some of the causative agents was briefly reviewed. The early developments of the therapy of pneumococcal pneumonia with type-specific antisera, sulfonamide drugs, and antimicrobial drugs were reviewed, mostly from the experiences of the author at Boston City Hospital. Changes in the occurrence and relative importance of the pneumococcus as a cause of infections associated with bacteremia, empyema, and meningitis were demonstrated, based on cases observed at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972. These findings, among others, indicate that the pneumococcus is still one of the most important causes of serious bacterial infections and of mortality from such infections, particularly in the elderly. Some possible indications for polyvalent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine were discussed, and the need for further extensive clinical and field trials to demonstrate its range of effectiveness was stressed.
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PMID:Pneumonia and pneumococcal infections, with special reference to pneumococcal pneumonia. The 1979 J. Burns Amberson lecture. 3 81

For a period of 17 months, 670 pneumococci, mostly isolated in the Paris area, have been typed with contercurrent-immunoelectrophoresis ; 338 of them come from cases of pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis and acute otitis media. An important regrouping of the most frequent serotypes among the 83 known serotypes makes possible a vaccinal prophylaxis. The tetradecavalent vaccine which is now for sale in USA gives, in the four main pathologies of this enquiry, a coverage superior to 80 percent. Choosing the 14 most frequent serotypes of the four main pathologies of their data the authors propose the following vaccinal formula : 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 23.
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PMID:[Pneumococcal serotyping. Multicentric inventory in hospital. Years 1977-1978 (author's transl)]. 4 41

In spite of extreme and persistent susceptibility to antibiotics, specially benzylpenicillin, the pathology due to pneumococcus remains frequent and serious. From 14 cases of pneumococcal meningitis associated with pneumonia the authors have studied the relationship between these two localizations. They conclude that meningeal seeding appears most frequently secondarily and is probably latent at the beginning. Moreover they note that treatment of pneumonia by itself does not always prevent the occurence of the meningitis. Density of bacterial population, prolunged bacteremia, resistance of pneumococcus to phagocytic mechanisms and the delay of treatment might explain these findings. For those reasons the authors recommend the use of high doses of benzylpenicillin for the treatment of lately diagnosed bacterial pneumonia.
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PMID:[Reevaluation of the treatment of acute bacterial pneumonias (author's transl)]. 4 77

Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics have been available for about 40 years, but still bacterial infections constitute some of the greatest problems in medicine. Pneumococci causing pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis and otitis are a leading cause of illness and death. The exact incidence and lethality of pneumococcal infections is not known, however, since they are not reportable diseases in most countries and since microbiological diagnosis is difficult. In the latest years some significant progresses have been made for the diagnosis of infections caused by pneumococci, especially pneumonia. This is for example the counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) for antigen determination, the transtracheal aspiration (TTA) for direct bacterial cultivation from trachea, and serological assays like radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for pneumococcal capsular antibody determination. These techniques have further emphasized the significance of pneumococcal infections. The recent finding of pneumococci resistant to penicillin and some other antibiotics also emphasizes the need for immunological prophylaxis. In recent years a vaccine consisting of the purified, most common pneumococcal polysaccharides has been introduced. It has been shown to protect against pneumonia, pneumococcal infections in splenectomized individuals and people with spherocytosis and probably partly against otitis media. Indications for the vaccine are suggested.
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PMID:Pneumococcal infections and the possible need for a vaccine. 9 8

Fifty-three infants and children, aged three months to 15 years, were treated with an average daily dose of 100 mg of cefamandole/kg intravenously. Of these patients, 47 had soft tissue cellulitis and six had pneumonia. Primary pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae, were isolated from 43 of the 53 patients. Bacteremia was documented in six of the 53 patients. A satisfactory clinical and bacteriologic response to cefamandole was achieved in all cases except on (98%). The only treatment failure occurred in an infant with both periorbital cellulitis and bacteremia due to H. influenzae who developed meningitis while receiving cefamandole; no extravasation of the drug across the blood-brain barrier could be detected in spite of inflamed meninges. In general, the only aberrant effects of cefamandole were the appearance of eosinophilia in 28% of patients and a positive indirect Cooms' test without hemolysis in one patient. Cefamandole showed excellent in vitro activity against 87 ampicillin-resistant strains of H. influenzae. Because it has greater activity than any of the other cephalosporins against this important pediatric pathogen, cefamandole may have particular pertinence in the treatment of infections in infants and young children.
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PMID:Clinical and laboratory evaluation of cefamandole in infants and children. 30 2

Forty-seven infants and children with a variety of infections including bacteremia, ethmoiditis, and periorbital cellulitis, soft tissue infection, pneumonia, and lymphadenitis were treated with intravenous cefamandole. The infections were due to Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. The clinical response was prompt, and, with the exception of two cases who developed skin rash, significant side effects were not noted. In vitro cefamandole was very effective in inhibiting the growth of H. influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant isolates.
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PMID:Clinical and laboratory investigation of cefamandole in infections of infants and children. 30 39


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