Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clinical studies on S-1108, a new oral cephem antibiotic, were carried out in the field of pediatrics. The following results were obtained. 1. The peak plasma level of S-1006 when administered after meal at a dose of 4 mg/kg was 2.47 micrograms/ml at an hour, and the serum half-life was 0.81 hour. The 4 hours urinary excretion rate of S-1006 was 35.7%. 2. S-1108 was administered to 15 children with various infections (3 patients with pneumonia, 3 with acute bronchitis, 4 with scarlet fever, 2 with acute tonsillitis, 1 with phlegmon and 2 with urinary tract infections). The overall clinical efficacy rate was 100%. 3. Side effects or abnormal laboratory test values were not observed except for diarrhea in 1 and eosinophilia in 1.
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PMID:[Clinical studies on S-1108 in the field pediatrics]. 830 64

Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on S-1108, a new oral cephem antibiotic, were performed in pediatric infections and the following results were obtained. 1. Pharmacokinetics studies Pharmacokinetics of S-1108 was studied in 4 children (3 y 7 m-11 y 1 m) using doses of 2 mg/kg (n = 2) and 4 mg/kg (n = 2). The average peak plasma level was 0.88 microgram/ml at 2 hours after administration of 2 mg/kg and 2.00 micrograms/ml at 3 hours after administration of 4 mg/kg, and plasma half-lives were 1.45 and 0.96 hours, respectively. Average cumulative urinary recovery rates at 0-6 hours were 30.0 and 34.8%, respectively. 2. Clinical studies S-1108 was administered to 32 patients with various infectious diseases (6 with acute tonsillitis, 2 each with pertussis and acute bronchitis, 3 with pneumonia, 4 with scarlet fever, 5 with impetigo contagiosa, 6 with acute urinary infection and 1 each with subcutaneous abscess, impetigo, vulvitis and urethritis) at daily doses between 6-12 mg/kg/day, t.i.d., for 5-12 days. Clinical responses were excellent in 17 patients, good in 13, and poor in 2, and the efficacy rate was 93.8%. Bacteria were identified and 33 strains of 12 species were found. The eradication rate was 93.9%. No side effects were observed in 43 patients. Abnormal laboratory test values were observed in 2 patients, 1 with elevation of eosin. and the other with elevations of GOT and GPT. The results suggest that S-1108 may be a very useful and safe drug for the treatment of pediatric infections.
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PMID:[Studies on S-1108 in pediatric infection]. 830 74

An open non-comparative clinical study to determine the efficacy and tolerance of Roxithromycin 150 mg twice daily was carried out amongst Nigerian patients with acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Twenty-four (24) patients (mean age 21.6 years, male 13; females 11 who completed the study presented with acute tonsillitis (33.3%, acute bronchitis (12.5%), lober pneumonia (12.5%), Otitis media (8%), acute pharyngitis (4%) and acute sinusitis (4%). Most of the patients had normal bacterial flora isolated (50.3%). Pathogens isolated included streptococcus pyogenes (21%), moraxella catarhalis (8.3%), streptococcus pneumonia (8.3%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (4%). The quick clinical response, lack of major adverse drug reactions and susceptibility of the bacterial isolates to Roxithromycin were very significant attributes of the drug. In addition, there was complete recovery in 95.8% of the patients. Roxithromycin is therefore a well tolerated and effective drug for the treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in Nigerian patients.
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PMID:Open clinical trial of roxithromycin amongst patients of Jos University Teaching Hospital with lower and upper respiratory tract infections. 851 97

Azithromycin (AZM) in fine granules was studied for its pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacies in eight child patients with ages between 1 month and 8 years. Informed consent was received from all of their parents. AZM was administered to the patients once a day at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 3 days. The clinical efficacies of AZM in 8 patients with microbial infections (pneumonia in one, Mycoplasma pneumonia in two, acute tonsillitis in one, pertussis in one, Campylobacter enteritis in one, infectious enteritis in one, Salmonella enteritis in one) were evaluated as "excellent" in five cases, "good" in two and "not evaluable" in one. As for the microbial efficacy, isolated strains were eradicated in 2 out of 3 patients. No adverse reaction was found except for one case with abnormal laboratory change, that is mildly increased GPT value. Plasma samples were collected from 3 cases. The elimination half-life of AZM was 45.8 hours. AUC0-infinity was 12.6 micrograms.hr/ml. Urine sample was collected from one. AZM concentration in urine was 35.0 micrograms/ml during a period between 48 and 72 hours after the start of treatment.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on azithromycin in children]. 910 80

Agranulocytosis is a rare complication of antithyroid drugs, and the aetiologies of community-acquired, life-threatening infections in patients taking these drugs have not previously been systematically described. Of 5653 hyperthyroid patients treated with antithyroid drugs at National Taiwan University Hospital between January 1987 and December 1997, 13 (0.23%) developed agranulocytosis with life-threatening infections. The most common presentations were fever (92%) and sore throat (85%). Initial clinical diagnoses were acute pharyngitis (46%), acute tonsillitis (38%), pneumonia (15%) and urinary tract infection (8%). Positive blood cultures from six patients yielded Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3), Escherichia coli (1), Staphylococcus aureus (1), Capnocytophaga species (1). Two patients died of uncontrolled infection, thyroid storm and multiple organ failure. Cases of antithyroid-drug-induced agranulocytosis in the English language literature are reviewed; Gram-negative bacilli, including Klebsiella pneumoniae (4 patients) and P. aeruginosa (3), were the most common pathogens in clinical isolates. Our observation and review suggest that broad-spectrum antibiotics with anti-pseudomonal activity should be given to patients with antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis who present with severe infection.
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PMID:Antithyroid-drug-induced agranulocytosis complicated by life-threatening infections. 1062 62

Drug-induced agranulocytosis (DIA) is often caused by antithyroid drugs. We retrospectively studied the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy in antithyroid-DIA. Data for 20 patients (10 treated with G-CSF) with antithyroid-DIA (neutrophil count <0.5x10(9)/l) were extracted from a cohort study of DIA patients (n=110). G-CSF (300 microg/day subcutaneously) was used where the neutrophil count was <0.1x10(9)/l, or the patient was aged >70 years, or there were severe features of infection or underlying disease. Mean patient age was 62 years (range 34-87); sex ratio (M/F) was 0.05. Carbimazole (n=19) and benzylthiouracile (n=1) were the causative drugs, at mean doses of 30 mg/day (range 20-60) and 100 mg/day (range 50-150), respectively, for a mean of 37 days (range 31-90). Antithyroid drugs were prescribed for Graves' disease (n=8), thyrotoxicosis related to amiodarone intake (n=6) and multinodular goitre (n=6). Clinical features included isolated fever (n=7), pneumonia (n=5), septicaemia or septic shock (n=5) and acute tonsillitis (n=3). Mean neutrophil count was 0.07+/-0.1x10(9)/l. No patient died. Mean durations of haematological recovery, antibiotic therapy and hospitalization were significantly reduced with G-CSF: 6.8+/-4 days vs. 11.6+/-5; 7.5+/-3.8 days vs. 12+/-4.5; and 7.3+/-4.8 days vs. 13+/-6.1, respectively (all p<0.05). G-CSF induced flu-like symptoms in 30% of patients, but reduced overall costs.
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PMID:Haematopoietic growth factor in antithyroid-drug-induced agranulocytosis. 1149 19

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic seroconversion to a severe symptomatic illness resembling infectious mononucleosis or other medical conditions including hepatitis, meningoencephalitis, or pneumonitis. Without clinical alertness, the illness is usually misdiagnosed or even not considered. Here we report 3 cases of acute HIV-1 infection with either a negative HIV-1 antibody assay or an indeterminate Western blot result, but high plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA. The initial presentations included fever, skin rash, sore throat, neck lymphadenopathy, cough and headache. One patient presented with infectious mononucleosis-like illness, 1 with aseptic meningitis, and 1 with acute tonsillitis. Physicians should be alert to the possibility of acute HIV-1 infection, especially in cases with unexplained fever, lymphadenopathy or rash.
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PMID:Acute human immunodeficiency virus infection. 1569 30

Tonsillitis is a common disease especially of children and young adults. The diagnosis of tonsillitis generally requires the consideration of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci infection. Pneumonia is an inflammation of the alveoli and terminal airspaces in response to invasion by an infectious agent that is introduced into the lungs through hematogenous spread or inhalation. We present a case of a concurrent acute tonsillitis and pneumonia due to S. pyogenes. To our knowledge, a similar case has not been previously described in the literature.
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PMID:Concurrent tonsillitis and pneumonia due to S. pyogenes. 1839 60

Background In 2007, ESAC (http://www.esac.ua.ac.be) published a set of 12 valid drug-specific quality indicators for outpatient antibiotic use in Europe. In this study, the authors aimed to develop evidence-based disease-specific quality indicators for outpatient antibiotic prescribing in Europe. Methods Two meetings were convened to produce a list of disease-specific quality indicators for outpatient antibiotic prescribing which conform to internationally agreed recommendations, building on a similar development of drug-specific quality indicators, and in collaboration with CHAMP and HAPPY AUDIT. 62 experts were asked to complete two scoring rounds of the proposed indicators on seven dimensions: their relevance to (1) reducing antimicrobial resistance, (2) patient health benefit, (3) cost-effectiveness, (4) policy makers, (5) individual prescribers, (6) their evidence base and (7) their range of acceptable use, using a scale ranging from 1 (=completely disagree) to 9 (=completely agree). Scores were judged according to the UCLA-RAND appropriateness method. Results For the six main indications for antibiotic prescribing (acute otitis media, acute upper-respiratory infection, acute/chronic sinusitis, acute tonsillitis, acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis, cystitis/other urinary infection) and for pneumonia, three quality indicators were proposed, the percentage prescribed (a) antibiotics; (b) recommended antibiotics; (c) quinolones. This set was scored by 40 experts from 25 countries. After one scoring round, all indicators were already rated as relevant on all dimensions, except one. Conclusion All proposed disease-specific quality indicators for outpatient antibiotic prescribing have face validity and are potentially applicable. They could be used to better describe antibiotic use and assess the quality of antibiotic prescribing patterns in ambulatory care.
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PMID:European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC): disease-specific quality indicators for outpatient antibiotic prescribing. 2144 2

Tularemia is a zoonotic infection caused by Francisella tularensis. In the recent years tularemia has become a re-emerging infection in Turkey with epidemics and also sporadic cases. Transmission occurs most often through consumption of contaminated water and food, direct contact with animals and insect/ tick bites. In this study, we evaluated clinical features and laboratory findings of 35 tularemia cases diagnosed during two outbreaks that occurred in two different villages during two different periods in Konya (located in Central Anatolia), Turkey and five sporadic cases. In both outbreaks, first (index) cases were admitted to our outpatient clinic with the complaints of cervical lympadenopathy. After diagnosis of tularemia, an organized team visited the villages to search if more cases existed. For microbiological diagnosis, blood, throat and tonsil swabs and lymph node aspirate specimens were collected from the suspected cases. Diagnostic tests (culture, serology, molecular methods) for tularemia were performed in reference center, Refik Saydam National Public Health Agency. Drinking and potable water samples from those villages were also collected by provincial health authorities. The cases (n= 14) that belonged to the first epidemics were detected in February 2010 and cases (n= 21) of the second epidemics in November- December 2010; five cases were followed as sporadic. The mean age of the 40 patients (25 females, 15 males) was 37.6 (age range: 5-80 years; five of them were pediatric group) years. The most common complaints of patients were cervical mass (90%), sore throat (63%), chills (60%) and fever (58%). The most frequently detected clinical findings were enlarged lymph nodes (n= 34, 85%), followed by tonsillitis (20%), skin lesions (15%) and conjunctivitis (8%). Most of the patients (82.5%) had been misdignosed as acute tonsillitis, suppurative lymphadenitis, tuberculous lymphadenitis and brucellosis, before their admission to our hospital and treated with beta-lactam antibiotics. Demographic analysis of the cases revealed that 68% of them lived in the rural area, 75% had rodents at home, 46% used natural water supplies, 53% fed animals, 15% had contact with game animals and 5% had contact with ticks. Clinical samples from the patients were found culture negative for F.tularensis. The diagnosis of the cases was based on the presence of specific F.tularensis antibodies between 1/160-1/1280 titers obtained by microagglutination test. Additionally F.tularensis DNA was demonstrated in three lymph node aspirate samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Water samples were found negative both by culture and PCR assays. However, it was detected that there were problems in the chlorination of water supplies in the two villages where epidemics were seen. All the patients were treated with streptomycin (2 x 1 g, intramuscular, 10 days), and surgical intervention was performed for the patients (n= 12) with extremely large lymph nodes and suppuration. Erythema nodosum developed in two patients following the end of treatment. Death or serious complications such as pneumonia or meningitis were not detected. In conclusion, tularemia should be considered in patients presenting with cervical lymphadenopathy, sore throat, fever and unresponsive to previous treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics. For the management of the disease, healthcare personnel and the community should be educated concerning the risk factors and precautions for tularemia.
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PMID:[Tularemia in Konya region, Turkey]. 2263 11


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