Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral pathogen responsible for bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children worldwide. We have previously shown in the mouse model that treatment with an anti-RSV neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the F glycoprotein of RSV, palivizumab, decreased lung inflammation, airway obstruction, and postmethacholine airway hyperresponsiveness. MEDI-524, or Numax, is a new MAb derived from palivizumab with enhanced neutralizing activity against RSV. We compared the effects of these two MAbs on different markers of disease severity using the murine model of RSV infection. BALB/c mice were intranasally inoculated with RSV A2. Palivizumab or MEDI-524 was administered once at either 24 h before or 48 h after RSV inoculation. Regardless of the time of administration, all treated mice showed significantly decreased RSV loads in bronchoalveolar lavage samples measured by plaque assay. Only MEDI-524 given at -24 h significantly decreased lung RSV RNA loads on days 5 and 28 after RSV inoculation. Pulmonary histopathologic scores, airway obstruction, and postmethacholine airway hyperresponsiveness were significantly reduced in mice treated with MEDI-524 at 24 h before inoculation, compared with untreated controls and the other regimens evaluated. MEDI-524 was superior to palivizumab on several outcome variables of RSV disease assessed in the mouse model: viral replication, inflammatory and clinical markers of acute disease severity, and long-term pulmonary abnormalities.
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PMID:Comparative effects of two neutralizing anti-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) monoclonal antibodies in the RSV murine model: time versus potency. 1625 14

We investigated the acute disorder in cases at the long-term geriatric ward. Fifty seven patients were admitted to the hospital during the period of October 2002 to March 2005. In our study, the following items were analyzed: (1) the number of admission, (2) diagnosis, (3) the duration of hospital stay, and (4) the cause of death. The admission of respiratory disease patients, such as pneumonia, bronchitis and pleuritis, were most frequent and had the longest term of hospitalization. We also found that patients with respiratory disease had undergone percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), and their hospitalization was relatively shorter.
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PMID:[Examination of acute disease in the long-term geriatric ward]. 1642 89

Mechanical ventilation is required if ventilatory insufficiency is present. This is typically indicated by hypercapnea. Hypoxemia occurs secondary to hypoventilation. Usually overload of the respiratory muscles (ventilatory pump) will be the underlying mechanism, for the most part caused by acute or chronic disease. In case of sole hypoxemia mechanical ventilation will only be indicated if the oxygen-content (equals oxygen saturation x haemoglobin x 1.39) drops below a critical threshold or if ventilatory pump failure is imminent on account of the underlying disease (eg. pneumonia). The background of our recommendations is to avoid potential damage caused by mechanical ventilation. Especially high inspiratory pressures and oxygen concentrations can be harmful to the lung. Therefore every case has to evaluated for individual target parameters of ventilation. The use of the oxygen-content instead of the arterial oxygen pressure as the target parameter will usually lead to a more careful ventilation. Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema is an exception to this rule since inspiratory positive pressure and PEEP will result in improved diffusion as well as reduction of preload and work of breathing. In recent years progress has been made on the field of ventilation access especially in severe and acute cases. Non-invasive ventilation is superior to invasive ventilation in patients with exacerbated COPD since it improves outcome effectively. This is being caused by a decline in ventilator associated pneumonias, most likely because non-invasive ventilation allows patients to clear their secretions by coughing, resulting in improved lung clearance. Controlled ventilation allows optimal unloading of the respiratory muscles which have been overloaded by the underlying disease. Application of a controlled ventilation mode in acute disease will usually require some kind of sedation. Assisted ventilation will result in improved gas exchange but only incomplete unloading of respiratory muscles and therefore delayed restitution. Permanent controlled ventilation under sedation for a prolonged period (days) requires intermittent periods of assisted- or spontaneous breathing in order to avoid atrophy of the respiratory muscles. This review summarizes background information on the nature of the derangement, the relation between oxygen supply and consumption under special consideration of respiratory muscle insufficiency and impact of different ventilation modes.
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PMID:[Pathophysiological basis of mechanical ventilation]. 1646 51

Melioidosis is caused by the saprophytic organism Burkholderia pseudomallei. The use of the indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) has found widespread use in areas endemic for this disease. Using this assay, we explored the serologic profile of 275 patients with culture-confirmed melioidosis in the Northern Territory of Australia. Based on a threshold titer of 1:40, the sensitivity of the IHA on admission was 56%. Female patients, those with positive blood cultures, and those with pneumonia independently predicted a negative IHA result. Most patients (68%) with negative admission IHA titers subsequently seroconverted. Most patients (92%) with positive admission IHA titers had persistently positive IHA titers. Relapses were not observed in 36 patients who had a negative IHA at least 1 month after admission, irrespective of initial admission IHA. The IHA has limited utility as a diagnostic test for acute disease, and most patients subsequently have persistently positive titers after recovery from illness.
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PMID:Indirect hemagglutination assay in patients with melioidosis in northern Australia. 1647 92

Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes a worldwide zoonosis, Q fever, and can be misused as a biological warfare agent. Infection in animals (coxiellosis) is mostly persistent. Infection in humans is often asymptomatic, but it can manifest as an acute disease (usually a self-limited flu-like illness, pneumonia, or hepatitis) or as a chronic form (mainly endocarditis, but also hepatitis and chronic fatigue syndrome). C. burnetii infection in pregnant women may result in abortions, premature deliveries, and stillbirths. Infection in nature is maintained and transmitted by ticks as the principal vector and reservoir. Cattle, sheep, and goats are the most important source of human infections. Humans contract C. burnetii infection mostly by aerosol in contact with contaminated environs, wind playing an important factor in spreading the infection. The wide distribution of C. burnetii contributes to a high resistance of its extracellular small cell variant to environmental conditions. Its intracellular large cell variant, adapted to survive under harsh conditions of phagolysosomes, enables long-term survival and persistence of C. burnetii, namely in monocytes/macrophages. Host factors such as underlying disease and cell-mediated immunity play a decisive role in the clinical expression of C. burnetii infection. Complete genome analysis of C. burnetii will certainly contribute to better understanding of the pathogenesis of C. burnetii infection and will improve Q fever diagnosis and immunoprophylaxis.
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PMID:Coxiella burnetii infection. 1648 1

Q fever is a zoonosis with many manifestations. The most common clinical presentation is an influenza-like illness with varying degrees of pneumonia and hepatitis. Although acute disease is usually self-limiting, people do occasionally die from this condition. Endocarditis is the most frequent chronic presentation. Although Q fever is widespread, practitioner awareness and clinical manifestations vary from region to region. Geographically limited studies suggest that chronic fatigue syndrome and cardiovascular disease are long-term sequelae. An effective whole-cell vaccine is licensed in Australia. Live and acellular vaccines have also been studied, but are not currently licensed.
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PMID:Q fever. 1650 66

The diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is based on a patient history with respiratory symptoms and additional symptoms and signs such as fever over more than 4 days, dyspnea and tachypnea and/or a positive lung auscultation. Despite recently developed tests, radiology is a key diagnostic procedure for confirming CAP. Importantly, the first treating physician must judge whether to hospitalize a patient or not. Two major scoring systems allow judgement of severity and short-term prognosis. In general, in patients with mild or moderate pneumonia who can be treated on an ambulatory basis, no specific microbiological diagnosis must be performed. If, for clinical or epidemiological reasons a gram stain is done, it must be obtained from purulent sputum. Recent tests may help in discriminating between viral and bacterial pneumonia (procalcitonin test) or determine the bacteria responsible for acute disease (pneumococcal antigen test using urine).
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PMID:[Diagnostic procedures for patients with community acquired pneumonia]. 1739 Jan 18

Three experiments were done to evaluate some antibiotic therapies that are used commonly to treat pigs infected with Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae. Haemophilus-free piglets, 12 weeks of age, were challenged in a chamber with an aerosol of H. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 and were medicated with antibiotics at various times before or after challenge. Antibiotic formulations which are commonly used to treat pneumonia in swine were used. They were chloramphenicol, penicillin, and a long-acting formulation of oxytetracycline given intramuscularly; and oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol and spiromycin (investigated as a potentially useful antibiotic) given in solution as the sole source of drinking water. Infection, disease (death, fever, gross lung lesions) and growth rate were measured in pigs following experimental challenge.The therapeutic effect of these antibiotic formulations was evaluated for prevention of the disease (52 pigs), treatment of acute disease (36 pigs), and treatment of chronic pneumonia (45 pigs). Injectable, long-acting oxytetracycline prevented all manifestations of disease (P<0.05) when given 24 hours before challenge. When treatment commenced immediately after the first signs of disease, each of the injected antibiotics reduced death rate (P<0.05), but they neither improved average daily gain nor reduced the incidence of infection and lung lesions. Chronically infected carrier pigs were produced by first immunizing them with a Haemophilus vaccine and then challenging them three weeks later. None of the treatments reduced the proportion of carriers of H. pleuropneumoniae.
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PMID:Comparison of common antibiotic therapies for haemophilus pleuropneumonia in pigs. 1742 81

Actinobacillus suis is an opportunistic pathogen of high health status swine and is associated with fatal septicemia, especially in neonatal pigs. A practical model of A. suis is unavailable currently. However, some evidence suggests that A. suis can infect nonporcine species. We therefore hypothesized that a mouse model of A. suis infection might be possible. To test this idea, we challenged CD1 mice with 3 strains of A. suis (2 porcine [SO4 and H91-0380] and 1 feline [96-2247]) by intranasal and intraperitoneal routes. We also evaluated the effects of coadministration of hemoglobin and immunosuppression by dexamethasone on the susceptibility of mice to A. suis infection. The feline and H91-0380 porcine strains induced clinical signs of acute disease and necrotizing pneumonia in mice similar to those seen in pigs. Although few bacteria were recovered, dissemination of A. suis was widespread. Generally, mice infected with the feline A. suis isolate had more severe clinical signs and higher bacterial titers than did mice infected with either of the porcine strains. Pretreatment of the mice with dexamethasone or addition of 2% porcine hemoglobin to the challenge inoculum appeared to hasten the onset of clinical signs by the porcine strains but had no significant effect on moribundity. These experiments demonstrate that mice can be infected with A. suis and subsequently develop pneumonia and bacteremia comparable to that seen in pigs, suggesting that mice may be used as a model for studying infection in swine.
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PMID:An experimental model of Actinobacillus suis infection in mice. 1780 47

Q fever is a common zoonosis with almost a worldwide distribution caused by Coxiella burnetii. Farm animals and pets are the main reservoirs of infection and transmission to humans is usually via inhalation of contaminated aerosols. Infection in humans is often asymptomatic, but it can manifest as an acute disease (usually a self-limited flu-like illness, pneumonia or hepatitis) or as a chronic form (mainly endocarditis, but also hepatitis and chronic-fatigue syndrome). In Tunisia, although prevalence of anti-Coxiella burnetii was high among blood donors, Q fever was rarely reported and frequently miss diagnosed by physicians. This study is a review of epidemiological and clinical particularities of Q fever in Tunisia.
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PMID:[Q Fever in Tunisia]. 1855 22


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