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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Data collected from 365 calves dead from stillbirth/perinatal weak calf syndrome were analysed to determine the predictive value of thyroid gland weight as an indicator of abnormality of the thyroid gland, and to examine the relationships between abnormality of the thyroid gland and other findings in the calves and also the parity of the dam. There was a significant relationship (P < 0.001) between the thyroid gland weight and bodyweight for the calves with a histologically normal thyroid gland, but there was no such relationship for calves with an abnormal thyroid gland. Only 1.1 per cent of the histologically normal thyroid glands weighed more than 30 g, indicating that there is a very high probability that glands weighing more than 30 g are abnormal. However, 76.0 per cent of moderately to severely affected glands weighed less than 30 g. The following significant differences between calves with an abnormal and those with a normal thyroid gland were established. Abnormal thyroid glands were significantly heavier (P < 0.01), constituted a significantly greater percentage of the calf's bodyweight (P < 0.01) and had a significantly lower iodine concentration (P < 0.001). A significantly higher proportion of calves with an abnormal thyroid gland had uninflated lungs (P < 0.01), and a significantly higher proportion had pneumonia (P < 0.01). Abnormal thyroid glands were associated with a low selenium concentration in the kidneys. There were no associations between abnormalities of the thyroid gland and the parity of the dam, the presence of skeletal fractures, the weight or sex of the calf, infection with leptospira, Salmonella dublin, Bacillus species, Actinomyces pyogenes or Aspergillus species, the quantities of hepatic iron pigment, liver vitamin E concentration or serum cholesterol concentration.
Vet Rec 1996 Jul 06
PMID:Stillbirth/perinatal weak calf syndrome: a study of calves with an abnormal thyroid gland. 881 88

In a survey of the causes of mortality and morbidity in exhibition budgerigars from 1984 to 1995, 1525 birds were examined post mortem. Megabacteriosis was the most common disease and trichomoniasis, enteritis, pneumonia, hepatitis and a degenerative disease of the gizzard lining were also common. A wide variety of less common diseases was also found.
Vet Rec 1996 Aug 17
PMID:Causes of mortality and morbidity in exhibition budgerigars in the United Kingdom. 887 Feb

Between August 1990 and September 1995 the carcases of 422 cetaceans of 12 species that had died around the coasts of England and Wales were examined. There were 234 harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), 138 common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), and 50 individuals of 10 other species of dolphins and whales. The cause of death was diagnosed in the harbour porpoises and common dolphins was entanglement in fishing gear (bycatch). Of the cases in which the cause of death was established, 66 (38 per cent) of 176 harbour porpoises, 86 (80 percent) of 108 common dolphins, and six (19 per cent) of 31 individuals of other species had been bycaught. Neonatal starvation, pneumonia and generalised infections accounted for a further 31 per cent of the diagnosed causes of death in harbour porpoises. The proportion of stranded common dolphins that had been bycaught was consistently high except during 1995, but the proportion of stranded harbour porpoises which had been bycaught increased in each successive year.
Vet Rec 1997 Jul 26
PMID:Entanglement in fishing gear and other causes of death in cetaceans stranded on the coasts of England and Wales. 926 9

Risk factors for proliferative enteropathy were investigated by means of a postal questionnaire survey of randomly selected British pig farms. Replies were received from 319 (56 per cent) of the 569 questionnaires posted, representing 1.5 per cent of the total number of pig farms in Britain. Thirty-one per cent of the farms had experienced at least one episode of proliferative enteropathy within the previous three years, usually confirmed by their veterinary surgeon. There was a strong association for the occurrence of proliferative enteropathy in herds of over 500 sows (P < 0.005) and in herds with enzootic pneumonia (P < 0.01). Outbreaks had occurred in five of the six nucleus herds surveyed, the other had only 80 sows. Outbreaks occurred in 32 of 69 herds that had obtained their replacement boars from nucleus herds (P < 0.05), suggesting that infected boars may carry the disease into distant herds. The use of either fully slatted (P < 0.05) or fully meshed floors (P < 0.01) above sunken pits in buildings used to house pigs immediately after weaning, and the use of partially (P < 0.05) or fully slatted floors (P < 0.05) in buildings used to house pigs two to six months old, were risk factors for outbreaks of proliferative enteropathy, compared with the use of straw bedding or solid floors. The destocking of entire buildings containing pigs two to four months old before the introduction of fresh pigs, was associated with a reduced risk (P < 0.05), but the destocking of selected pens rather than the whole building had no such association. The type of diet, or feeding or watering system and the types of buildings used were not identified as risk factors.
Vet Rec 1998 Jun 20
PMID:Questionnaire survey of proliferative enteropathy on British pig farms. 967 Apr 57

A survey of the diseases detectable in 141 grey seals stranded on the coasts of England and Wales away from breeding colonies was carried out between mid-1989 and early 1997. The most common fatal conditions in pups less than three weeks of age were trauma (24 per cent of deaths) and dystocia (12 per cent); in pups more than three weeks of age thy were starvation (22 per cent) and pneumonia (22 per cent); in juveniles they were drowning in fishing gear (30 per cent) and starvation (19 per cent), and in adults a variety of respiratory diseases were the most common causes of death (45 per cent). Many other diseases, both fatal and non-fatal, were recorded.
Vet Rec 1998 May 30
PMID:Causes of mortality and non-fatal conditions among grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) found dead on the coasts of England, Wales and the Isle of Man. 968 18

A multicentre, controlled, randomised and blinded study was carried out in three French pig herds to assess the efficacy of doxycycline administered in the feed for the control of pneumonia. About 20 per cent of 363 pigs from the three fattening units were diseased at the start of the study. Pneumonic lesions were found on pigs examined postmortem and Pasteurella multocida was isolated from the lungs of pigs in all the herds. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection was confirmed either by detection in pneumonic lungs or by seroconversion in pigs sampled three weeks apart. P multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae were isolated from 64 per cent, 50 per cent and 2 per cent, respectively, of 148 nasal swabs. The following variables were significantly different between the treated and untreated groups (P < or = 0.001): the incidence of diseased pigs during the three weeks from the start of treatment (8.1 per cent in treated group v 35.4 per cent in control group), mean daily weight gain over the same period (934 g/day in the treated group v 834 g/day in the control group) and the cure rate of pigs which were diseased at the start of treatment (73.5 per cent in treated group v 35.3 per cent in control group). These data demonstrate that an average dose of 11 mg doxycycline/kg bodyweight per day in feed for eight days was effective in controlling pneumonia due to P multocida and M hyopneumoniae in these fattening pigs.
Vet Rec 1998 Sep 05
PMID:Efficacy of doxycycline in feed for the control of pneumonia caused by Pasteurella multocida and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in fattening pigs. 978 19

The aim of this study was to assess the value of ultrasonography as an imaging technique for the assessment of respiratory diseases in calves. Postmortem findings were used as a 'gold standard'. Eighteen calves aged up to five months which suffered from pneumonia or bronchopneumonia were used. Ultrasonographic and postmortem findings were recorded in eight segments of the lungs of each animal and compared. Ultrasonography of health pulmonary tissue yielded only the pleural reflective band and repetitive artefacts. Pulmonary tissue with bronchopneumonia was detected as a basic echogenic pattern containing hyperechogenic zones. The sensitivity and specificity of the technique for the detection of bronchopneumonia were calculated to be 0.85 and 0.98, respectively.
Vet Rec 1998 Oct 24
PMID:Ultrasonographic findings in calves with respiratory disease. 982 3

The mucosa of the larynx contains one of the most dense concentrations of sensory receptors in the human body. This sensitivity is used for reflexes that protect the lungs, and even momentary loss of this function is followed rapidly by life-threatening pneumonia. The internal superior laryngeal nerve (ISLN) supplies the innervation to this area, and, to date, the distribution and branching pattern of this nerve is unknown. Five adult human larynges were processed by using Sihler's stain, a technique that clears soft tissue while counterstaining nerves. The whole-mount specimens were then dissected to demonstrate the branching of the ISLN from its main trunk down to the level of terminal axons. The human ISLN is divided into three divisions: The superior division supplies mainly the mucosa of the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis; the middle division supplies the mucosa of the true and false vocal folds and the aryepiglottic fold; and the inferior division supplies the mucosa of the arytenoid region, subglottis, anterior wall of the hypopharynx, and upper esophageal sphincter. Several dense sensory plexi that cross the midline were seen on the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis and arytenoid region. The human ISLN also appears to supply motor innervation to the interarytenoid (IA) muscle. A detailed map is presented of the distribution of the ISLN within the human larynx. The areas seen to receive the greatest innervation are the same areas that have been shown by physiological experiments to be the most sensate: the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis, the false and true vocal folds, and the arytenoid region. The observation that the human ISLN appears to supply motor innervation to the IA muscle is contrary to current concepts of the ISLN as a purely sensory nerve. These findings are relevant to understanding how the laryngeal protective reflexes work during activities like swallowing. The nerve maps can be used to guide surgical attempts to reinnervate the laryngeal mucosa when sensation is lost due to neurological disease.
Anat Rec 1998 12
PMID:Anatomy of the human internal superior laryngeal nerve. 984 15

Pneumococcal diseases are a major public health problem all over the world. The etiological agent, Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is surrounded by a polysaccharide capsule. Differences in the composition of this capsule permit the serological differentiation between about 90 capsular types, some of which are frequently associated with pneumococcal disease, others rarely. Invasive pneumococcal infections include pneumonia, meningitis and febrile bacteremia; among the common noninvasive manifestations are otitis media, sinusitis and bronchitis. At least 1 million children die of pneumococcal disease every year, most of these being young children in developing countries. In the developed world, elderly persons carry the major disease burden. Conditions associated with increased risk of serious pneumococcal disease include HIV infection, sickle-cell anaemia and a variety of chronic organ failures. Vaccination is the only available tool to prevent pneumococcal disease. The recent development of widespread microbial resistance to essential antibiotics underlines the urgent need for more efficient pneumococcal vaccines. Immunity following pneumococcal disease is directed primarily against the capsular serotype involved. The currently licensed pneumococcal vaccine is based on the 23 most common serotypes, against which the vaccine has an overall protective efficacy of about 60%-70%. Children aged < 2 years, and persons suffering from various states of immunodeficiency, for example HIV infection, do not consistently develop immunity following vaccination, thus reducing the protective value of the vaccine in some major target groups for pneumococcal disease. However, in the healthy elderly population the polysaccharide vaccine provides relatively efficient protection against invasive pneumococcal disease. Extensive clinical trials are now under way with a new generation of pneumococcal vaccines. These protein-polysaccharide combinations, known as conjugate vaccines, contain 7-11 selected polysaccharides bound to a protein carrier, and induce a T-cell dependent immune response. These vaccines are likely to be protective even in children aged < 2 years, and may reduce pneumococcal transmission through a herd effect.
Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1999 Jun 11
PMID:Pneumococcal vaccines. WHO position paper. 1043 29

Ultrasonography was used to diagnose pericardial effusion, atrial dilatation and liver masses in a spur-thighed tortoise which was more than 80 years old and suffering from posthibernation anorexia, lethargy, oedema and pneumonia. The tortoise was treated twice with frusemide and ceftazidime for the pneumonia, resulting each time in a temporary remission for about a month. After a further recurrence, the animal was euthanased and the lesions predicted by ultrasound were confirmed postmortem. It is suggested that ultrasound may be useful for the differentiation of cardiac problems from other causes of posthibernation lethargy in the tortoise.
Vet Rec 2000 Feb 12
PMID:Ultrasonographic diagnosis of pericardial effusion and atrial dilation in a spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca). 1071 90


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