Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0032273 (pneumoconiosis)
 1,578 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The use of long term domiciliary oxygen therapy in the Sheffield area from June to August 1987 has been surveyed. Of the 74 patients prescribed long term domiciliary oxygen therapy, 64 were visited at home. These had arterial blood gas tensions or oxygen saturation measured (while breathing oxygen and air), and the indications for long term domiciliary oxygen therapy were examined retrospectively. Fifty two patients had chronic bronchitis and emphysema, the remainder having pneumoconiosis, bronchiectasis, fibrosing alveolitis, and congestive cardiac failure. Of the 54 cases where indications for treatment could be compared with the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) guidelines, only 23 (43%) met the full DHSS criteria before the start of treatment. The median length of treatment was 16 months. At follow up 51 patients had an arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) greater than 8.0 kPa when breathing oxygen. They had a significantly higher PaO2 when breathing air than before long term oxygen therapy (6.7 (SD 1.2) kPa before oxygen treatment, 7.6 (1.4) kPa on reassessment). A similar change was seen in the 23 patients assessed as recommended by the DHSS (6.1 (0.8) kPa; 7.2 (1.2]. PaO2 during the breathing of air was less than 7.3 kPa at reassessment in only 21 (33%) patients. Thirteen patients had carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations above 2.5%, the 95th centile of the distribution in nonsmokers in the laboratory.
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PMID:Long term domiciliary oxygen treatment for chronic respiratory failure reviewed. 210 1

The relationship between the thickness of the walls of small pulmonary arteries (the medial wall thickness as a percentage of external diameter, percentage of medial thickness) in coal miners and control subjects were studied using morphometric techniques and correlated with the degree of right ventricular hypertrophy, severity of coal workers' pneumoconiosis, emphysema, and other chronic lung diseases. Pulmonary arteries less than 100 microns in external diameter were identified and the external diameter, medial thickness, and intimal thickness were quantitatively measured in the lung tissues of 57 coal miners and 15 control subjects with and without other chronic lung diseases. Coal workers' pneumoconiosis, emphysema, and right ventricular hypertrophy were assessed uniformly in all cases. The arterial wall thickness correlated with right ventricular hypertrophy, progressive massive fibrosis, and other chronic lung diseases. Severity of emphysema also showed a weak correlation. Although the functional significance of these findings is not known, we conclude that the muscularization of pulmonary arterioles provides a structural basis for the development of right ventricular hypertrophy in coal miners.
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PMID:Pulmonary arteriolar muscularization in coal workers' pneumoconiosis and its correlation with right ventricular hypertrophy. 214 19

The type of lung disease caused by metal compounds depends on the nature of the offending agent, its physicochemical form, the dose, exposure conditions and host factors. The fumes or gaseous forms of several metals, e.g. cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), nickel carbonyl (Nl(CO)4, zinc chloride (ZnCl2), vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), may lead to acute chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema or to acute tracheobronchitis. Metal fume fever, which may follow the inhalation of metal fumes e.g. zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and many others, is a poorly understood influenza-like reaction, accompanied by an acute self-limiting neutrophil alveolitis. Chronic obstructive lung disease may result from occupational exposure to mineral dusts, including probably some metallic dusts, or from jobs involving the working of metal compounds, such as welding. Exposure to cadmium may lead to emphysema. Bronchial asthma may be caused by complex platinum salts, nickel, chromium or cobalt, presumably on the basis of allergic sensitization. The cause of asthma in aluminium workers is unknown. It is remarkable that asthma induced by nickel (Ni) or chromium (Cr) is apparently infrequent, considering their potency and frequent involvement as dermal sensitizers. Metallic dusts deposited in the lung may give rise to pulmonary fibrosis and functional impairment, depending on the fibrogenic potential of the agent and on poorly understood host factors. Inhalation of iron compounds causes siderosis, a pneumoconiosis with little or no fibrosis. Hard metal lung disease is a fibrosis characterized by desquamative and giant cell interstitial pneumonitis and is probably caused by cobalt, since a similar disease has been observed in workers exposed to cobalt in the absence of tungsten carbide. Chronic beryllium disease is a fibrosis with sarcoid-like epitheloid granulomas and is presumably due to a cell-mediated immune response to beryllium. Such a mechanism may be responsible for the pulmonary fibrosis occasionally found in subjects exposed to other metals e.g. aluminium (Al), titanium (Ti), rare earths. The proportion of lung cancer attributable to occupation is around 15%, with exposure to metals being frequently incriminated. Underground mining of e.g. uranium or iron is associated with a high incidence of lung cancer, as a result of exposure to radon. At least some forms of arsenic, chromium and nickel are well established lung carcinogens in humans. There is also evidence for increased lung cancer mortality in cadmium workers and in iron or steel workers.
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PMID:Metal toxicity and the respiratory tract. 217 66

Clinical evaluation, safety and kinetics in serum of sulbactam/cefoperazone (SBT/CPZ) in patients with lower respiratory tract infections have been studied in a multicenter trial participated by 28 institutions in Kyushu area during a period of 13 months from March 1987 to March 1988. 1. Mean peak serum levels of SBT and CPZ in 35 patients up to 4 hours after intravenous infusion of 2 g of SBT/CPZ were 38.2 +/- 17.3 micrograms/ml for SBT and 104.3 +/- 31.4 micrograms/ml for CPZ. Serum half-lives of SBT and CPZ were 0.76 hour and 1.53 hours, respectively. These results were in similar ranges to those reported elsewhere for SBT/CPZ. 2. Serum half-lives of SBT and CPZ after intravenous infusion of 2 g of SBT/CPZ were not significantly prolonged in patients with moderate liver or kidney dysfunctions. 3. Clinical efficacy rates of SBT/CPZ in 217 patients were 93.1% (81/87) for pneumonia, 93.3% (14/15) for lung abscess, 78.9% (15/19) for acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, 57.1% (4/7) for diffuse panbronchiolitis, 72.4% (21/29), 74.4% (32/43) and 100% (9/9) for infections concurrent to bronchiectasis, chronic respiratory disease and pulmonary emphysema, respectively. Those were 50% (1/2) for bronchitis associated with lung cancer and 66.7% (4/6) for empyema. The overall efficacy rate was 83.4% (181/217). 4. Clinical efficacy rate of SBT/CPZ for pneumonia in patients with underlying diseases such as lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis and pneumoconiosis, etc, was 85.3% (29/34) and was not significantly different from the efficacy rate of 98.1% (52/53) in patients without these underlying diseases. 5. Of 30 patients who failed to respond of previous antibiotic treatments, 21 were effectively treated by SBT/CPZ. 6. Bacteriological eradication rates against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae were 42.9% (9/21), 87.5% (14/16) and 100% (5/5), respectively. The overall eradication rate in all cases including polymicrobial infections was 72.8% (67/92). 7. The high levels of peak serum concentration of CPZ, and the difference between serum levels of SBT and of CPZ seemed to contribute to the high clinical efficacy. 8. Adverse reactions occurred in 2.8% (6/217) of the patients, and consisted primarily of rash and diarrhea. Laboratory abnormalities were observed in 8 patients during the study. These were elevations of S-GOT and S-GPT, and eosinophilia. 9. SBT/CPZ is a very useful drug in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections as it has become available just in time when increase in resistant organisms to beta-lactams is notable.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of sulbactam/cefoperazone in lower respiratory tract infections]. 219 54

Coal miners develop focal emphysema characterized by dilatation of second- and third-order respiratory bronchioles with coal mine dust-laden macrophages infiltrating the wall. A reticulin network with small amounts of collagen and atrophy of smooth muscle occurs. To evaluate the mechanisms of lung injury associated with this lesion, 17 long-term non- or ex-smoking West Virginia underground coal miners underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and were compared to healthy nonsmoker and smoker controls. The coal miners had evidence of an alveolar macrophage-neutrophil alveolitis with a significant increase in neutrophils/microliter of epithelial lining fluid and an increased gallium lung scan index (206 +/- 26 units). Alveolar macrophages lavaged from coal miners spontaneously released exaggerated amounts of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide in vitro compared to nonsmoking controls. Coal workers had significantly elevated levels of neutrophil elastase in BAL fluid complexed with alpha 1-antitrypsin (P less than 0.01) and normal levels of alpha 1-antitrypsin. An accumulation of activated, dust-laden inflammatory cells with increased release of oxidants and elastase may contribute to the development of focal emphysema identified at postmortem in miners with coal workers' pneumoconiosis.
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PMID:Basic mechanisms leading to focal emphysema in coal workers' pneumoconiosis. 222 76

The paper is concerned with the results of roentgenofunctional investigation of 293 miners, among them there were 63 patients with dust bronchitis and 230 patients with the main types of dust disease (anthracosis, silicosis and anthracosilicosis). Two-stage roentgenopneumopolygraphy (RPPG) with a chess grid and spiral pneumoroentgenography (SPRG) with a spiral grid were employed. Respiratory dysfunction in patients with pneumoconiosis depended on an x-ray and morphological type of fibrosis and stage of disease rather than on its type. The formation of zones of emphysematous inflation in the apical area, in the upper and middle regions of the lungs was revealed, however signs of basal emphysema were ++undetectable. Analysis of RPPG and SPRG findings has shown that unlike pneumoconiosis, dust bronchitis is characterized by earlier development of respiratory dysfunction of more noticeable type, particularly in early signs of disease.
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PMID:[Experience with the roentgenodiagnosis of disturbances of respiratory function in coal miners]. 280 Mar 15

High-resolution computed tomography (CT) was performed in 90 patients with pneumoconiosis who had small rounded opacities on radiographs. The CT appearances of radiographic type p small rounded opacities in 55 patients were compared with the appearances of type q and r opacities. Radiographic type p pneumoconiosis on high-resolution CT scans was characterized by tiny binary branching structures or a gathering of a few dots. In 21 of the 55 patients, nonperipheral, small areas of low attenuation with a central dot were found. On the basis of CT-pathologic correlation in two postmortem specimens, these tiny opacities and areas of low attenuation corresponded to irregular fibrosis around and along the respiratory bronchioles and to focal-dust emphysema, respectively. Focal emphysema was most commonly found in pneumoconiosis with p-type changes and can be identified with high-resolution CT scanning. The addition of high-resolution CT to chest radiography is useful in achieving more accurate categorization of the lesions.
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PMID:Radiographic type p pneumoconiosis: high-resolution CT. 292 14

The survival of 354 claimants for compensation for pulmonary asbestosis among former workers of the Wittenoom crocidolite mine and mill in Western Australia has been examined. There were 118 deaths up to December 1982. The median time between start of work and claim for compensation was 17 years. The standardised mortality ratio (SMR) for deaths from all causes was 2.65 (p less than 0.0001). The SMR for pneumoconiosis was 177.2 (p less than 0.0001), bronchitis and emphysema 2.6 (p = 0.04), tuberculosis 44.6 (p less than 0.0001), respiratory cancer (including five deaths from malignant pleural mesothelioma) 6.4 (p less than 0.0001), gastrointestinal cancer 1.6 (p = 0.22), all other cancers 1.6 (p = 0.17), heart disease 1.4 (p = 0.07), and all other causes 2.18 (p = 0.004). Plain chest radiographs taken within two years of claiming compensation were found for 238 subjects and were categorised independently by two observers according to the International Labour Organisation criteria without knowledge of exposure or compensation details. Profusion of radiographic opacities, age at claiming compensation, work in the Wittenoom mill, and degree of disability awarded by the pneumoconiosis medical board were significant predictors of survival, but total estimated exposure to asbestos was not. Radiographic profusion and degree of disability were, however, predictable by total exposure. The median survival from claim for compensation was 17 years in subjects with ILO category 1 pneumoconiosis, 12 years in category 2, and three years in category 3.
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PMID:Compensation, radiographic changes, and survival in applicants for asbestosis compensation. 299 May 24

The anaesthetic management of a patient who required right lower lobectomy for bronchial carcinoma associated with emphysema, pneumoconiosis and a previous thoracoplasty for pulmonary tuberculosis, is described. A technique of unilateral high frequency jet ventilation plus conventional intermittent positive pressure ventilation to the contralateral lung was used.
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PMID:Combined unilateral high frequency jet ventilation and contralateral intermittent positive pressure ventilation. 331 73

The whole contingent of patients, ill with silicosis manifested after interrupting work with dust, registered up to 1984, at the Clinic of Occupational Diseases, Sofia was examined. Analysis was made of the lasting disability of the patients. A study was performed on the relation between group of invalidity and age groups in the newly discovered cases; group of invalidity and length of service at dry drilling; group and diagnosis of the illness in stages; connection between x-ray morphological displays and functional disturbances and group of invalidity. Recommendations are given concerning the basic pneumoconiosis process and its complications and the interrelations between pneumoconiosis disease, chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema.
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PMID:[Characteristics of work capacity of patients with silicosis occurring after stopping their work in exposure to dust]. 344 61


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