Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0031350 (pharyngitis)
 2,405 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clinical manifestations of primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (acute retroviral syndrome) and virologic characteristics of HIV-1 have rarely been described in Taiwan. Medical records of patients followed at the National Taiwan University Hospital between June 1994 and September 2003 were retrospectively reviewed to identify HIV-infected patients who were diagnosed with primary HIV infection. Blood specimens obtained at the diagnosis of primary HIV infection were submitted for viral subtyping and genotypic resistance assay. Twenty out of 940 patients were diagnosed with acute retroviral syndrome during the study period. All of the patients were males, with a median age of 31 years (range, 23 to 42 years); all were men who had sex with men. The most common clinical manifestations were fever (95%), generalized lymphadenopathy (75%), pharyngitis (70%), skin rashes (70%), and gastrointestinal symptoms (60%) including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Thrombocytopenia (35%), leukopenia (35%), and elevated liver function test (50%) were seen in the laboratory tests. The median CD4 lymphocyte count was 312 cells/microL (range, 112-520 cells/microL), and the plasma HIV RNA load by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was 230,500 copies/mL (range, 602 --> 750,000 copies/mL). No major resistance mutations on protease or reverse transcriptase were identified in the 11 available viral isolates. We conclude that primary HIV infection was rarely diagnosed in the designated hospital for HIV care in Taiwan. More education of health care providers and counseling of persons at risk to increase awareness of HIV infection are urgently needed in Taiwan in order to facilitate earlier diagnosis of primary HIV infection and prevent further transmission.
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PMID:Clinical presentations and virologic characteristics of primary human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection in a university hospital in Taiwan. 1549 7

Adenoviruses account for 5-10 per cent of respiratory illnesses in children. To analyse the clinical features and the temporal frequency in acute adenoviral respiratory infections in hospitalized children in southern Taiwan, a total of 4333 children who were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiaokang (KMHK) Hospital, with clinical evidences of acute respiratory infections between January 2001 and December 2002 were studied. Adenoviruses were isolated from 317 patients with an isolation rate of 7.67 per cent. Serotype analysis was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 186 specimens. In 2001, adenovirus type 4 was found in the majority (57 per cent), followed by type 1.5.6 (15 per cent), type 2 (13 per cent), type 14 (8 per cent), type 3 (5 per cent), and type 7 (2 per cent). In 2002, type 3 became the major type (46 per cent), whereas the previously predominant type 4 decreased to 6 per cent, and type 7 increased from 2 to 19 per cent. The symptoms and signs included fever (98.7 percent), cough (77.6 per cent), abnormal breathing sounds (crackles and/or wheezing 23.3 per cent), abdominal pain (18.9 per cent), vomiting (21.8 per cent), and diarrhea (25.2 per cent). The mean duration of fever was 4.8 days (range 0-19 days). In the 186 cases in whom serotypes were analysed, pharyngitis and tonsillitis (47.8 per cent) were the most common presentation, followed by pneumonia (25.2 per cent), bronchitis (12.9 per cent), and pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF) (7.6 per cent). Children between 4 and 8 years old were the most common group of patients with respiratory adenoviral infections. Our patients all had good prognosis. This adenoviruses molecular epidemiological study provides information that helps physicians in clinical differential diagnosis and treatment of respiratory adenoviral infection in children in southern Taiwan.
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PMID:Respiratory adenoviral infections in children: a study of hospitalized cases in southern Taiwan in 2001--2002. 1551 Jul 59

The Children's Analgesic Medicine Project (CAMP) was a multicenter, all-comers, openlabel, prospective study to compare the safety of ibuprofen suspension with acetaminophen suspension in children with fever and/or pain. Four hundred and twenty four (424) pediatricians enrolled 41 810 children (aged 1 month to 18 years old) at 69 US clinics. Safety data included information concerning medication use and adverse events (AEs) summarized by severity and analyzed by age groups (younger and older than 2 years). Among 30 144 children who took at least one dose of ibuprofen or acetaminophen, 14 281 were younger (< 2 yrs) and 15 863 were older ([Symbol: see text] 2 to < 12 yrs). Within both age groups, the incidence rates for specific AEs, including abdominal pain, insomnia, and hyperkinesia were rare and generally < 1% for both treatments. For younger children, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, rhinitis, rash and otitis media were the only AEs with an incidence rate > 1% (in either treatment group). For older children, the only AEs with an incidence rate > 1% in either group were rhinitis, pharyngitis and otitis media. AEs were generally mild to moderate for both treatments within the two age groups. There were no serious AEs, including anaphylaxis, Reye's syndrome, renal failure, GI bleeding/perforation or necrotizing fasciitis. There was a slightly higher overall incidence of side effects in the ibuprofen group (17.6% vs. 15.0%) for the younger children; and similar results were seen in the older children (11.9% vs. 10.7%). This may have been due to the preference of physicians to treat the sicker children with ibuprofen. There were four deaths, all unrelated to study medication, all occurring in children < 2 yrs (herpes encephalitis, sepsis due to 5. pneumoniae, medulloblastoma, and sudden infant death syndrome). The safety of ibuprofen suspension in children < 2 yrs was demonstrated in this study. The safety profile in children < 2 yrs is consistent with the excellent profile observed in children [Symbol: see text] 2 yrs. Overall, ibuprofen exhibited an AE profile similar to acetaminophen in both younger and older children.
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PMID:Safety profile of ibuprofen suspension in young children. 1763 93

A 6-year-old boy with bloody diarrhea was diagnosed with group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal hemorrhagic colitis. Complications included pharyngitis and impetigo, both caused by the same organisms. In addition to being isolated from stools, Streptococcus pyogenes was also isolated from skin lesions. Furthermore, a rapid group A streptococcal antigen test by throat swab was also positive. Hemorrhagic colitis caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus is extremely rare, and much rarer are its complications with pharyngitis and impetigo. Compared with findings in reports of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal proctitis and perianal and perineal diseases, this case suggests a distinct pathogenesis for hemorrhagic colitis.
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PMID:Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal hemorrhagic colitis complicated with pharyngitis and impetigo. 1809 91

Recently, it is reported that a omega-3 fatty acid-containing diet (Racol) enhances innate immunity and reduces mucosal damage in the small intestine during chemotherapy. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of a omega-3 fatty acid-containing diet (Racol) on the toxicity of chemoradiation therapy (CRT) for patients with esophageal cancers. Toxicity of CRT was evaluated in 10 patients who took Rakol at a maximum dose of 600 mL/day during CRT, compared with 10 patients who did not take Rakol. Regarding blood toxicity, the decrease of platelets did not differ between the former and the latter. However, the incidence of grade 2~4 neutropenia was lower in the former than in the latter (p=0.0043). With regard to gastrointestinal toxicity, the incidence of grade 2~4 diarrhea was also lower in the former than in the latter (p=0.0118). Moreover, the incidence of grade 2~4 stomatitis/pharyngitis tended to decrease in patients who took Rakol compared with those who did not (p=0.0812). The current results indicated that a omega-3 fatty acid-containing diet (Racol) may be beneficial to patients with esophageal cancers who receive CRT by reducing CRT toxicity.
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PMID:[omega-3 Fatty acid-containing diet (Racol) reduces toxicity of chemoradiation therapy for patients with esophageal cancer]. 1834 92

In order to compare the bacteriological and clinical efficacy and safety of cefcapene-pivoxil (CFPN-PI) for 5 days, CFPN-PI for 10 days, and amoxicillin (AMPC) for 10 days for the treatment of pharyngitis due to group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GAS) in children, a prospective multicenter randomized open-label comparative study was performed with 12 pediatric clinics in Asahikawa between June 2006 and February 2007. Two hundred and fifty children (age range 6 months to 12 years) with signs and symptoms of acute pharyngitis were enrolled. All had a positive throat culture for GAS and were fully evaluable. Eighty-two patients received CFPN-PI 9-10 mg/kg/day three times a day for 5 days, 88 received CFPN-PI three times a day for 10 days, and 80 received AMPC three times a day for 10 days. The CFPN-PI for 5 days regimen, the CFPN-PI for 10 days regimen, and the AMPC for 10 days regimen produced bacteriological eradication at the end of treatment in 93.8%, 96.2%, and 91.7% of the patients, respectively. The clinical cure rate observed at the end of therapy was 100% of the patients in the three groups. Relapse rates were 1.3% in CFPN-PI for 5 days, 4.0% in CFPN-PI for 10 days, and 2.9% in AMPC for 10 days. There were no significant differences in eradication rate, clinical cure rate, and relapse rate between the three treatment groups. The only adverse effects were infrequent diarrhea in all three groups, and a rash which occurred in 6 patients (8.0%) of the AMPC treatment group. Five days of treatment with CFPN-PI was as efficacious in bacteriological eradication and clinical response as 10 days of CFPN-PI or AMPC treatment.
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PMID:Comparative study of 5-day cefcapene-pivoxil and 10-day amoxicillin or cefcapene-pivoxil for treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis in children. 1857 56

Cefuroxime is the first commercially-available second-generation cephalosporine to be widely used in therapy; it is a semi-synthetic cephalosporin obtained from the 7-cephalosporanic acid nucleus of cephalosporin C. Cefuroxime axetil is the acetoxyethyl ester of cefuroxime. The majority of micro-organisms associated with respiratory infections are highly sensitive to cefuroxime. These include Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and the other streptococci (excluding group D streptococci), and Moraxella catarrhalis. Bacteria sensitive to cefuroxime include the enterobacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella and Shigella and Straphylococcus aureus (methicillin-sensitive strains). The pharmacokinetic studies show that the maximum plasma concentration of cefuroxime after oral administration of 250 mg and 500 mg of cefuroxime axetil after a meal are respectively 4.6 and 7.9 mg/l. The absolute bioavailability of tablets is 68% (extremes 63-73%) after oral administration of 500 mg cefuroxime axetil. The protein binding is 33+/-5.7%. Tissue diffusion was studied in the interstitial fluid, the bronchial mucosa, the tonsils, and the bronchial secretions. Cefuroxime axetil is available as capsule-shaped tablets containing 125, 250 or 500 mg. An oral suspension dosage form for paediatric purposes is also available as granules in multidose bottles and sachets. Constitution gives a suspension containing 125 mg or 250 mg cefuroxime (as cefuroxime axetil). Cefuroxime axetil is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria. Indications include: lower respiratory tract infections (e.g., acute and chronic bronchitis and pneumonia); upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., ear, nose and throat infections such as otitis media, sinusitis tonsillitis and pharyngitis); genito-urinary tract infections (e.g., pyelonephritis, cystitis and urethritis, gonorrhoea, acute uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis); and skin and soft tissue infections (e.g., furunculosis, pyoderma and impetigo). For most infections, a dose of 250 mg twice daily is appropriate. In some urinary tract infections, 125 mg twice daily has been shown to be effective. If pneumonia is suspected or in more severe lower respiratory tract infection, doses of 500 mg bd should be used. Uncomplicated gonorrhoea has been shown to respond to a single 1-g dose of cefuroxime axetil. Adverse reactions to cefuroxime have generally been mild and transient in nature (gastrointestinal disturbances, including diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting).
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PMID:Cefuroxime axetil. 1861 87

Common signs and symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis include sore throat, temperature greater than 100.4 degrees F (38 degrees C), tonsillar exudates, and cervical adenopathy. Cough, coryza, and diarrhea are more common with viral pharyngitis. Available diagnostic tests include throat culture and rapid antigen detection testing. Throat culture is considered the diagnostic standard, although the sensitivity and specificity of rapid antigen detection testing have improved significantly. The modified Centor score can be used to help physicians decide which patients need no testing, throat culture/rapid antigen detection testing, or empiric antibiotic therapy. Penicillin (10 days of oral therapy or one injection of intramuscular benzathine penicillin) is the treatment of choice because of cost, narrow spectrum of activity, and effectiveness. Amoxicillin is equally effective and more palatable. Erythromycin and first-generation cephalosporins are options in patients with penicillin allergy. Increased group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) treatment failure with penicillin has been reported. Although current guidelines recommend first-generation cephalosporins for persons with penicillin allergy, some advocate the use of cephalosporins in all nonallergic patients because of better GABHS eradication and effectiveness against chronic GABHS carriage. Chronic GABHS colonization is common despite appropriate use of antibiotic therapy. Chronic carriers are at low risk of transmitting disease or developing invasive GABHS infections, and there is generally no need to treat carriers. Whether tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy decreases the incidence of GABHS pharyngitis is poorly understood. At this time, the benefits are too small to outweigh the associated costs and surgical risks.
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PMID:Diagnosis and treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. 2052 48

The only oral penem antibiotic, faropenem (FRPM: Farom Dry Syrup for pediatrics), is one of the few antibiotics that exerts potent antibacterial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP), and the dosage and administration schedule has been established for children. We studied the efficacy and safety of the drug in 113 pediatric patients with mild-to-moderate bacterial infectious diseases: upper respiratory tract infection (pharyngitis or tonsillitis), acute bronchitis, otitis media and urinary tract infection (UTI). The patients were administered oral FRPM at the dose of 15-30 mg/kg/day three times a day for 3 to 8 days (or 5 to 14 days for group A streptococcal infection). The study drug was found to be clinically effective in 63/70 cases (90.0%) of upper respiratory tract infection, 6/7 cases of acute bronchitis, 16/17 cases (94.1%) of otitis media and 6/6 cases of UTI. FRPM was demonstrated to have very potent antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae, with a high bacteriological eradication rate. No serious adverse drug reactions were observed. The only side effect was diarrhea in 12.5% of the patients (14/112 cases). There was little difference in the incidence of diarrhea between FRPM and other oral beta-lactam antibiotics. Compliance with FRPM was found to be very good in this study. These findings suggest that FRPM is as useful for the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases in children as oral penicillin and cephem antibiotics.
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PMID:[Efficacy and safety of faropenem in pediatric patients with bacterial infectious diseases]. 1928 54

The most common cause of nonzoonotic atypical community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is Mycoplasma pneumoniae. M. pneumoniae CAP is most common in young adults but may occur at any age. Like other atypical CAPs, M. pneumoniae is associated with a characteristic pattern of extrapulmonary organ involvement and nonspecific laboratory tests. M. pneumoniae CAP is frequently accompanied by gastrointestinal manifestations (eg, loose stools/diarrhea), nonexudative pharyngitis, or skin involvement (ie, erythemamultiforme). Central nervous system involvement with M. pneumoniae is rare and accompanied by highly elevated cold agglutinin titers. Cardiac, hepatic, and renal involvement are not features of M. pneumoniae CAP. Because M. pneumoniae CAP is most frequent in ambulatory young adults, it is an easily overlooked diagnosis in elderly patients hospitalized with CAP. The hallmark clinical finding of M. pneumoniae CAP is protracted nonproductive cough. The characteristic nonspecific laboratory test finding uniquely associated with M. pneumoniae CAP is elevated cold agglutinin titers. Seventy-five percent of patients with M. pneumoniae infection have elevated cold agglutinin titers. However, the absence of elevated cold agglutinin titers does not argue against the diagnosis of M. pneumoniae. If cold agglutinins are present in a patient with CAP, the higher the cold agglutinin titer is (>1:64), the more likely the cold agglutinins are due to M. pneumoniae. Q fever is the only other atypical CAP that is rarely associated with cold agglutinins. We present a hospitalized patient with CAP in whom all microbiologic and serologic diagnostic test results were negative during the first week of her hospitalization. M. pneumoniae CAP was not suspected because of her age. Her initial M. pneumoniae immunoglobulin-M and cold agglutinin titers were negative. During the second week of hospitalization, an increased platelet count was noted. It is a common misconception that acute thrombocytosis is an acute phase reactant. Her acute thrombocytosis increased and persisted. The diagnostic clue to the cause of this hospitalized patient with CAP was acute thrombocytosis. In a patient with CAP, acute thrombocytosis is usually associated with Q fever pneumonia and less commonly with M. pneumoniae. If Q fever can be excluded on the basis of a recent/proximate zoonotic vector contact history, then acute thrombocytosis is an important clue to M. pneumoniae CAP. Acute thrombocytosis due to M. pneumoniae and Q fever occurs during weeks 1 and 2 of the infection. In patients with CAP, acute thrombocytosis that occurs during weeks 1 and 2 of the illness should suggest M. pneumoniae in patients without recent zoonotic vector contact history.
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PMID:Mycoplasma pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the elderly: Diagnostic significance of acute thrombocytosis. 1975 96


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