Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0031350 (pharyngitis)
 2,405 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Air pollution in all its forms, including sulfur dioxide, ozone, fine particles, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, has resulted in human deaths and diseases worldwide. This article reports on the human suffering caused by air pollution in terms of mortality and morbidity. Based on interviews with scientists, health experts and victims, it is noted that the cities of Thailand, Mexico, Japan, Poland, the Czech Republic, Romania, and the US have the highest levels of air pollution. In these areas people suffer from respiratory illnesses such as pharyngitis, sinusitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, asthma, flu, and loss of lung function. A most alarming finding indicates that residents of Los Angeles exposed to ozone pollution have double the risk of cancer compared to residents of cleaner cities. Aggravating this situation is the fact that governments often opt to sacrifice human health and lives when forced to choose between protecting the public and shielding industry from pollution regulations.
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PMID:Poisons in the air. 1232 55

The 2 groups of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) represented by the prototype strains HCoV 229E and HCoV OC43 are mostly known as viruses responsible for common cold syndrome. HCoVs are difficult to detect, and epidemiological data are rare. From October 2000 through April 2001, we tested 1803 respiratory samples for HCoV by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. From 8 February through 27 March 2001, HCoV OC43 was detected in samples obtained from 30 (6%) of 501 patients. The other viruses detected were respiratory syncytial virus (6.1%), parainfluenza virus 3 (1%), influenza virus A (7.8%), influenza virus B (7.2%), rhinovirus (6.4%), enterovirus (1%), and adenovirus (2%). Infection with HCoV OC43 was detected in patients of all age groups. The following clinical symptoms were noted: fever (in 59.8% of patients), general symptoms (in 30%), digestive problems (in 56.8%), rhinitis (in 36.6%), pharyngitis (in 30%), laryngitis (in 3.3%), otitis (in 13.3%), bronchitis (in 16.6%), bronchiolitis (in 10%), and pneumonia (in 6.6%). This study shows that an outbreak of HCoV OC43 respiratory infection was responsible for the lower respiratory tract symptoms observed in nearly one-third of patients identified by active surveillance for coronavirus infection.
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PMID:An outbreak of coronavirus OC43 respiratory infection in Normandy, France. 1268 10

Influenza C virus, J.J. strain, is readily propagated following intra-amniotic inoculation of embryonated eggs on the 14th day of incubation. The resulting infection is inapparent in that there is no obvious interference with normal embryonic development and no evidences of injury can be detected by the light microscope. Hemophilus influenzae, type b thrives luxuriantly in the amniotic fluid of embryonated eggs inoculated by the intra-amniotic route on the 15th day of incubation. The effects of the establishment of the bacterial infection in the embryo are noted by the occurrence of death, bacteriemia or characteristic inflammatory lesions in the form of purulent sinusitis, pharyngitis, tracheo-bronchitis and meningo-encephalitis. These lesions may occur singly or in various combinations. The incidence and severity of disease manifestations in infected embryos depends on the proportion of encapsulated and virulent bacilli in the inoculum, the number of infectious doses and the growth rate of the bacteria in the surrounding amniotic fluid. Combined viral and bacterial infection established by intra-amniotic inoculation with influenza C virus on the 14th followed by Hemophilus influenzae, type b on the 15th incubation day brings about a significant increase in the incidence and severity of disease manifestations in the embryos. Selective survival and marked acceleration of the growth rate of encapsulated and virulent elements of the bacterial population is promoted in the virus-infected embryos. The disease process appears to be entirely attributable to the bacterial component. There seems to be relatively little or no effect on influenza C virus by the accompanying proliferation of Hemophilus. The exact nature of the virus-induced influences which enhance the pathogenicity of the bacteria and favor the establishment of the infectious process under these circumstances remains to be determined.
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PMID:Experimental combined viral and bacterial infection (influenza C and hemophilus influenzae, type B) in embryonated eggs. 1337 14

In 1916, von Economo first described encephalitis lethargica (EL), a CNS disorder presenting with pharyngitis followed by sleep disorder, basal ganglia signs (particularly parkinsonism) and neuropsychiatric sequelae. Since the 1916-1927 epidemic, only sporadic cases have been described. Pathological studies revealed an encephalitis of the midbrain and basal ganglia, with lymphocyte (predominantly plasma cell) infiltration. The EL epidemic occurred during the same time period as the 1918 influenza pandemic, and the two outbreaks have been linked in the medical literature. However, von Economo and other contemporary scientists thought that the 1918 influenza virus was not the cause of EL. Recent examination of archived EL brain material has failed to demonstrate influenza RNA, adding to the evidence that EL was not an invasive influenza encephalitis. By contrast, the findings of intrathecal oligoclonal bands (OCB) and beneficial effects of steroid treatments have provoked the hypothesis that EL may be immune-mediated. We have recently seen 20 patients with a similar EL phenotype, 55% of whom had a preceding pharyngitis. The patients had remarkable similarity to the historical descriptions of EL: sleep disorder (somnolence, sleep inversion or insomnia), lethargy, parkinsonism, dyskinesias and neuropsychiatric symptoms. CSF examination commonly showed elevated protein and OCB (75 and 69% respectively). Investigation found no evidence of viral encephalitis or other recognized causes of rapid-onset parkinsonism. MRI of the brain was normal in 60% but showed inflammatory changes localized to the deep grey matter in 40% of patients. We investigated the possibility that this phenotype could be a postinfectious autoimmune CNS disorder, and therefore similar to Sydenham's chorea. Anti-streptolysin-O titres were elevated in 65% of patients. Furthermore, western immunoblotting showed that 95% of EL patients had autoantibodies reactive against human basal ganglia antigens. These antibodies were also present in the CSF in four patients tested. By contrast, antibodies reactive against the basal ganglia were found in only 2-4% of child and adult controls (n = 173, P < 0.0001). Rather than showing polyspecific binding, these antibodies bound to common neural autoantigens of molecular weight 40, 45, 60 and 98 kDa. Regional tissue comparisons showed that the majority of these autoantigens were specific to or enriched in CNS tissue. Immunohistochemistry with secondary staining localized antibody binding to neurons rather than glial populations. Further investigation is required to determine whether these antibodies affect neuronal function (i.e. whether they are pathogenic anti-neuronal antibodies). Histopathology in one case demonstrated striatal encephalitis with perivenous B- and T-lymphocytic infiltration. We believe an EL-like syndrome is still prevalent, and propose that this syndrome may be secondary to autoimmunity against deep grey matter neurons.
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PMID:Encephalitis lethargica syndrome: 20 new cases and evidence of basal ganglia autoimmunity. 1467 31

Al-Ama'ri camp is situated to the south of Ramallah city in the West Bank of Palestine. It is densely populated, with a total population of 4046, divided into 760 households, on a surface area of 93 dunums (93000 m(2)). In this research, the relationship between the housing conditions at Ama'ri camp and the prevalence and incidence rates of upper respiratory tract diseases has been studied. The diseases and symptoms most encountered in winter, and those include: common cold, cough, pharyngitis, influenza, ear infection, asthma and bronchitis have been studied. It was found that these are diseases directly related to poor housing conditions. Cold housing, presence of dampness and moulds, dust and smoke, burning of biomass fuel, crowding, poor ventilation and inadequate lighting problems are commonly found in the houses of this refugee camp.
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PMID:Impact of housing conditions on the health of the people at al-Ama'ri refugee camp in the West Bank of Palestine. 1459 98

Since the discovery of influenza virus in 1933, many viruses have been reported as the causative agents of acute respiratory infections. On the other hand, disease entities such as influenza, common cold, pharyngitis and atypical pneumonia etc. are recognized and established clinically. Recent development and popularization of rapid diagnostic kit of influenza and anti-influenzal drugs(amantadine and neuraminidase inhibitor) in Japan made the concern of influenza more concretly. The discrepancy between clinically diagnosed influenza and virologically confirmed influenza is discussed for treatment and prevention of influenza in practice.
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PMID:[Influenza and other viral respiratory infections]. 1461 25

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends influenza vaccination for women who will be in the second or third trimester of pregnancy during the influenza season. We analyzed hospital admissions with principal diagnoses of influenza or pneumonia and influenza-like illness (ILI) outpatient visits to study the effectiveness of influenza vaccine during pregnancy in protecting women and infants from influenza-related morbidity. Estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness across five flu seasons (Fall 1997 to Spring 2002) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models for women and infant study populations in Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Outpatient utilization outcomes included physician visits with a diagnosis of upper respiratory infection, pharyngitis, otitis media, asthma, bronchial asthma, viral infection, pneumonia, fever, cough, or wheezing associated with respiratory illness. Inpatient outcomes included hospitalizations with principal diagnoses of influenza or pneumonia. Women who received influenza vaccine during pregnancy had the same risk for ILI visits compared with unvaccinated women, adjusting for women's age and week of delivery. When asthma visits were excluded from the outcome measure, we also found no difference in the risk of outpatient visits for vaccinated and unvaccinated women. Hospital admissions for influenza or pneumonia for women in the study population were quite rare and no women died of respiratory illness during pregnancy. Infants born to women who received influenza vaccination had the same risks for influenza or pneumonia admissions compared with infants born to unvaccinated women, adjusting for infant's gender, gestational age, week of birth, and birth facility. Maternal influenza vaccination was also not a significant determinant of risk of ILI (excluding otitis media) outpatient visits for infants, nor did it significantly affect the risk of otitis media visits. Influenza vaccination during pregnancy did not significantly affect the risk of cesarean section, adjusting for the woman's age. It also did not affect the risk of preterm delivery. Although the immunogenicity of influenza vaccination in pregnancy in mother and infant has been well documented, in this study, we were unable to demonstrate the effectiveness of influenza vaccination with data for hospital admissions and physician visits. One possible interpretation of these findings is that typical influenza surveillance measures based on utilization data are not reliable in distinguishing influenza from other respiratory illness. Hospitalizations for respiratory illness were uncommon in both vaccinees and nonvaccinees.
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PMID:Effectiveness of influenza vaccine during pregnancy in preventing hospitalizations and outpatient visits for respiratory illness in pregnant women and their infants. 1531 70

Most drugs used by children are prescribed by general pediatric practitioners (GPPs) in ambulatory settings. Prescription profiles are affected by GPPs' attitudes while the cost is related to the reimbursement modality. This study evaluated the Italian National Health Service (INHS) and family expenditures associated with prescribing practices to children younger than 12 years. Forty-two GPPs from southern Italy participated in the study. All visits recorded by GPPs during a 13-week period (February-April 1998), including telephone contacts and office and home visits were analyzed. The cost analysis of prescriptions is based on a sample of randomly selected consultations. INHS and family expenditures were evaluated according to reimbursement modalities for drug prescriptions. Total expenditure induced by all prescriptions during the study period was about 148 million Italian lire (7650 euros); 54% of this was borne by the INHS and the rest remaining by families. When corrections according to prescription modalities - following appropriate reimbursement form - were applied, only 49% of total expenditure were covered by INHS and 51% by families. Analysis of expenditures showed that drugs for symptomatic therapies (e.g., cough and cold preparations, analgesics, antipyretics) and vitamins accounted for most of the families' expenditure, while antibacterial and antiasthmatic drugs did so for the INHS. Of the ten most prescribed drugs the cost of three fell entirely on the family: paracetamol (the most commonly prescribed drug),morniflumate, and ambroxol. Therapeutic indications causing greatest expenditures for families were all the common,trivial childhood symptoms such as cough, fever, rhinitis, flu, and pharyngitis. Despite the universal coverage for pharmaceutical care more than one-half of drug therapy expenditures for children was covered directly by the parents. Prescription attitudes by GPPs remain the crucial factor for an equal cost distribution between families and the INHS.
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PMID:Pharmacoeconomic analysis of prescriptions in Italian pediatric general practice. 1560 52

The roots and leaves of Isatis indigotica, named 'Ban-Lan-Gen' and 'Da-Qing-Ye', respectively, are widely used for the treatment of influenza, viral pneumonia, mumps, pharyngitis, and hepatitis. The indoxyl derivatives detected in the roots and leaves of I. indigotica have been reported to be biologically active. In the present study, a liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method was developed to determine indican, isatin, indirubin and indigotin in the roots and leaves of I. indigotica. The method has been validated for linearity, precision and accuracy. Using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), the limits of detection (LODs) were determined as 0.004 ng for indican, 0.01 ng for isatin, 0.01 ng for indrubin and 0.03 ng for indigotin, while the limits of quantitation (LOQs) were 0.015 ng for indican, 0.04 ng for isatin, 0.04 ng for indirubin and 0.1 ng for indigotin. Compared with previously reported methods, the current method is more rapid, selective and sensitive. This is the first report of the LC/MS/MS determination of indican, isatin, indirubin and indigotin.
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PMID:Determination of indican, isatin, indirubin and indigotin in Isatis indigotica by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. 1733 Feb 18

A sore throat (also known as pharyngitis or tonsillitis) is most commonly caused by a contagious viral infection (such as the flu, cold, or mononucleosis), although more serious throat infections can be caused by a bacterial infection (such as strep, mycoplasma, or Haemophilus). Bacterial sore throats respond well to antibiotics, whereas viral ones do not. However, strep throat remains a leading cause for physician visits, and researchers have long struggled to determine how best to treat it. The current practice guidelines offer different management options for adult patients presenting with a sore throat. Thus, when a physician treats a patient with acute pharyngitis, the clinical decision that usually needs to be made is whether the pharyngitis is attributable to group A streptococci. The key concern is the degree to which the clinical possibility of a group A streptococcal infection should affect clinician's decisions. To determine the best treatment of pharyngitis, we conducted a multicriteria decision analysis using fuzzy reasoning for remote health service delivery between a healthcare provider and patients. The approach can be adopted for interactive phone use or online system application. Five alternative treatment options were considered, particularly: (a) no test no Rx, (b) rapid strep, (c) culture, (d) rapid strep and culture, and (e) empiric Rx. Fuzzy reasoning is used to examine the signs/symptoms and their ratings. The study includes seven criteria factors that can be rated according to each alternative clinical treatment using linguistic statements. The model shows that no test no Rx is the best option for the cases of low prevalence of group A streptococcal infection. Two strategies--culture and treat if positive and rapid strep with culture of negative results--are equally preferable for patients with moderate prevalence likelihood. Rapid strep and culture of negative results is the best management strategy for patients with high population prevalence of group A streptococcal infection. In conclusion, the best clinical management of patients with sore throat depends on both the clinical probability of group A streptococcal infection and clinical judgments that incorporate the importance ratings of the individual patients as well as practice circumstances.
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PMID:A remote fuzzy multicriteria diagnosis of sore throat. 1881 94


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