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Query: UMLS:C0031154 (peritonitis)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have investigated the protective role of hyperimmune rabbit IgG against two surface structures of Staphylococcus aureus, i.e. fibronectin-, and collagen-binding proteins as well as alpha-toxin in experimental peritonitis and septicaemia in neutropenic mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide. This treatment markedly decreased clearance of bacteria from mouse organs. With combined immunotherapy given passively bacteria were eradicated more efficiently for all animals sampled, comparative to controls.
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PMID:Role of antibodies against fibronectin-, collagen-binding proteins and alphatoxin in experimental Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis and septicaemia in neutropenic mice. 772 97

Enterococci are commensal organisms well suited to survival in intestinal and vaginal tracts and the oral cavity. However, as for most bacteria described as causing human disease, enterococci also possess properties that can be ascribed roles in pathogenesis. The natural ability of enterococci to readily acquire, accumulate, and share extrachromosomal elements encoding virulence traits or antibiotic resistance genes lends advantages to their survival under unusual environmental stresses and in part explains their increasing importance as nosocomial pathogens. This review discusses the current understanding of enterococcal virulence relating to (i) adherence to host tissues, (ii) invasion and abscess formation, (iii) factors potentially relevant to modulation of host inflammatory responses, and (iv) potentially toxic secreted products. Aggregation substance, surface carbohydrates, or fibronectin-binding moieties may facilitate adherence to host tissues. Enterococcus faecalis appears to have the capacity to translocate across intact intestinal mucosa in models of antibiotic-induced superinfection. Extracellular toxins such as cytolysin can induce tissue damage as shown in an endophthalmitis model, increase mortality in combination with aggregation substance in an endocarditis model, and cause systemic toxicity in a murine peritonitis model. Finally, lipoteichoic acid, superoxide production, or pheromones and corresponding peptide inhibitors each may modulate local inflammatory reactions.
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PMID:Virulence of enterococci. 783 1

Fibronectin is a 440-kD MW glycoprotein involved in opsonization and adhesion of cells to collagen. We examined 13 episodes of peritonitis on 8 consecutive days from the start and once after recovery (control). Fibronectin clearance was compared to that of marker proteins for peritoneal transport. Increased dialysate fibronectin levels were observed on the first peritonitis day. They declined during recovery. Serum levels were stable during peritonitis. All protein clearances, including fibronectin, were increased during the acute phase and decreased during recovery. The clearance of fibronectin showed a time course similar to that of the marker proteins. It was in the range between IgG (150 kD) and alpha 2-macroglobulin (820 kD), thus as expected on the basis of its molecular weight. We conclude that elevated dialysate fibronectin levels observed during peritonitis are due to increased transperitoneal transport and not to local synthesis. This augmented transport results from increments in both effective surface area and intrinsic permeability of the peritoneum.
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PMID:Fibronectin during CAPD-related peritonitis: no indications for intraperitoneal production. 804 59

A large number of ascitic fluid tests, e.g., fibronectin and cholesterol, have been proposed as helpful in detecting malignancy as the cause of ascites. Unfortunately, these "humoral tests of malignancy" are nonspecific. Although the ascitic fluid concentrations of these proteins or protein-bound substances tend to be quite high in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis and low in the setting of cirrhotic ascites, the problem is that patients with tuberculous peritonitis, cardiac ascites, pancreatitis ascites, etc. usually have values in the malignancy range, i.e., false-positive results. This can lead to an extensive search for a nonexistent tumor, with confusion and anxiety for patient and physician. The cytology is the single best test to order when peritoneal carcinomatosis is suspected; its sensitivity approaches 100%. However, peritoneal carcinomatosis is only one of several mechanisms by which tumors can cause ascites. No one test can be expected to detect tumors as the cause of these diverse mechanisms of ascites formation. The serum-ascites albumin gradient is a helpful test in classifying ascitic fluid specimens into portal-hypertension-related and non-portal-hypertension-related categories. An elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein test can be useful in raising suspicion of hepatocellular carcinoma. Careful analysis of ascitic fluid, without measurement of "humoral tests of malignancy," combined with information obtained from the history and physical examination, usually lead to an accurate diagnosis of the cause of ascites.
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PMID:Malignancy-related ascites and ascitic fluid "humoral tests of malignancy". 818 30

Strains of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from the effluent of patients with peritonitis on CAPD (continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis), adhered well to both cultured human mesothelial cells and to fibronectin, but not to laminin or gelatin. Mesothelial cells grown in medium M199 exhibited more surface fibronectin compared to cells grown in MEM-Dval and demonstrated higher levels of S. aureus adherence. Soluble fibronectin concentrations up to 10 micrograms/ml increased the adherence of S. aureus to cultured mesothelial cells. The dose-response curve was consistent with the binding of fibronectin to a saturable receptor of apparent dissociation constant (KD) = 1.7 x 10(-10) M. This corresponds closely to the KD (2 x 10(-10) M) of the staphylococcal fibronectin-binding protein. S. aureus adherence was increased following the preincubation of mesothelial cell monolayers with interleukin-1 and was maximal after 6 h preincubation. Treating mesothelial cells with interferon-gamma for 48-72 h reduced the adherence of S. aureus.
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PMID:Adherence of Staphylococcus aureus to cultures of human peritoneal mesothelial cells. 838 38

During CAPD, the peritoneal mesothelial monolayer is directly bathed in dialysate containing 1.50%-4.25% glucose. In this study, we separated and cultured mesothelial cells from human omentulum (HMC) to test the effects of glucose on cell growth and matrix biosynthesis. [3H] thymidine incorporation was significantly inhibited in cells grown in > or = 1.00% glucose, compared with cells grown in 0.10% glucose and RPMI-1640 alone. HMC incubated in RPMI-1640 medium released trace fibronectin (FN) as measured by specific enzyme immunoassay, and FN level in supernatants was significantly increased when HMC grew in the media containing glucose more than 0.50%. Glucose induced inhibition of cell proliferation and increase of FN were time-and dose-dependent. Mannitol also achieved the same results, but its inhibitive effect on HMC proliferation is far less than that of isoosmolar glucose. These studies provide evidence for a multitude of direct effects of high concentration ambient glucose level on HMC growth and matrix biosynthesis, and raise the possibility that long-term exposure of HMC to high concentration glucose may induce disturbance in cell repair and metabolism, thus contributing to the formation of sclcerosing peritonitis in CAPD.
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PMID:[Effects of high concentration glucose on cell growth and matrix biosynthesis in human peritoneal mesothelial cells]. 856 18

Candida yeasts are frequently isolated from patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis peritonitis or other biomaterial-associated infections. The mouse model of candidal peritonitis was used to study the interaction of Candida cells with end-point attached heparinized polyethylene (H-PE) and with polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) or macrophages (M phi). Two Candida strains differing in cell surface hydrophobicity and in expression of fibronectin (Fn) binding were used for the study. Cells of both Candida strains adhered at higher numbers to H-PE surfaces preadsorbed with Fn or with human dialysis fluid (HDF) than to non-modified H-PE, supporting a role of Fn in mediating adhesion. C. albicans 4016 cells expressing low hydrophobicity and low binding of soluble Fn demonstrated stronger adhesion to PMNs than the more hydrophobic C. albicans 3248 yeasts, which express high binding of soluble Fn. However, C. albicans 4016 cells were more resistant to phagocytic killing and were hardly eradicated in intraperitoneally infected mice. The animals depleted in PMNs by treatment with CY were neither able to eradicate C. albicans 3248 (rapidly eliminated by normal mice) nor C. albicans 4016 yeasts (with a tendency to persist in the tissues of normal mice).
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PMID:Biomaterial-associated infection with Candida albicans in mice. 856 28

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) has come to be extensively used for the treatment of end-stage renal failure in children, and especially infants, such that now more than half of children on dialysis worldwide receive treatment by this means. Peritonitis, however, is commoner in children than in adults receiving treatment, and is a major source of morbidity and treatment failure in children started on CAPD. Only recently has the immunology of the normal peritoneum been studied extensively, with the need to assess the impact of the installation of large volumes of fluid into the peritoneal sac during dialysis. The main phagocytic defences of the peritoneum depend upon a unique set of macrophages which are present free in the peritoneal fluid but also in the submesothelium and in perivascular collections together with B lymphocytes in the submesothelial area. Both the number of macrophages per unit volume and the concentration of opsonic proteins, such as IgG, complement and fibronectin, are reduced to between only 1% and 5% when dialysis fluid is continuously present in the peritoneal sac. In addition, the fluids used for CAPD are toxic to both macrophages and to mesothelial cells. Thus minor degrees of contamination frequently lead to peritonitis and in addition the majority of patients have catheters inserted in their peritoneum which become colonised with organisms capable of producing exopolysaccharide (slime), which promotes adhesion of the organism to the plastic and protects them against phagocytic attack and the penetration of antibiotics. Thus the peritoneum is in a state of continual inflammation, as well as being a markedly more vulnerable site than the normal peritoneum to the entry of organisms. Whether clinical peritonitis appears in this state of chronic contamination probably depends on perturbation in the balance between host defences and the organism. Whilst Staphylococcus epidermidis is the commonest cause of peritonitis, Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative organisms are much more serious and more frequently lead either to temporary catheter removal or discontinuation of dialysis altogether. This review describes the peritoneal defences in relation to the genesis of peritonitis.
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PMID:Host defences in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and the genesis of peritonitis. 858 33

In this prospective study, we tried to evaluate various "humoral tests of malignancy" regarding their efficiency of discriminating between malignancy-related and non-malignant ascites. Fibronectin, total protein, number of cells, LDH, pH, specific gravity and cytology were compared in the ascitic fluid of 51 patients with malignancy-related and 52 patients with non-malignant ascites; patients with tuberculous peritonitis were not included. Ascitic fluid cholesterol was determined in 36 of 51 malignancy-related and in 37 of 52 non-malignant ascites. Cytology and fibronectin were found 100% specific with diagnostic efficiency 87.5% and 94.2% respectively under optimal conditions. Cholesterol was neither sensitive nor specific. It is concluded that fibronectin was a valuable test for malignancy-associated ascites.
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PMID:Value of ascitic fibronectin and cholesterol concentration in the differentiation between malignancy-related and non-malignant ascites. 879 90

For understanding the immunological functions of the peritoneum, spatial localization of integrins and their ligands was studied by immuno-SEM on the peritoneal surface of mice with cecal perforation-induced peritonitis. The cecal peritoneum 24 hr after perforation was stained with specific antibodies against LFA-1, Mac-1, VLA-4, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and fibronectin diluted with cold University of Wisconsin (UW) solution in conjunction with immuno-gold labeling. The spatial localization of those cell adhesion molecules was detected by backscatter electron (BSE) imaging with field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Numerous leukocytes with diverse surface ultrastructure were observed on the peritoneal surface by FESEM. Some leukocytes were in contact with mesothelial cells, and others adhered to the exposed underlying connective tissue. The BSE imaging showed the ubiquitous distribution of Mac-1 on all membrane domains of leukocytes, i.e., cell body, ruffles, and microvilli. In contrast, predominant expressions of LFA-1 and VLA-4 were discernible on ruffles/microvilli of some leukocytes. The mesothelial cells remaining in the inflamed area expressed both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on their microvilli. The fibronectin was detected on presumable collagen fibers and/or fibrin over the exposed smooth muscle layer as well as on fibrin extending between leukocyte aggregation. The spatial microlocalization of integrins was clarified on the leukocytes emigrated in peritonitis, and their ligands were detected on the inflamed peritoneum.
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PMID:Spatial distribution of cell adhesion molecules on the peritoneal surface in the cecal perforation-induced peritonitis. 1159 May 97


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