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Query: UMLS:C0031154 (peritonitis)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two children are reported whose nephrotic syndrome was complicated by peritonitis due to H. influenzae type b. In Pittsburgh, the leading organism for peritonitis in nephrosis remains D. pneumoniae with a disproportionately high incidence in black children. Although H. influenzae is a rare cause of this complication, it should be considered along with the other previously recognized etiological bacterial agents.
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PMID:Hemophilus and pneumococcal peritonitis in children with the nephrotic syndrome. 24 Oct 48

Quantitative blood cultures were sought in 383 children, from whom routine blood cultures were obtained because of fever, by direct plating of 10 and 100 microliter blood onto solidified media. There were 14 positive cultures from 12 patients. These were 7 Hemophilus influenzae type b, 5 Streptococcus penumoniae, and 2 Staphylococcus aureus. The direct-plating technique permitted more rapid identification of positive cultures, and detected three episodes not identified by routine broth culture. Bacterial counts ranged from 20 to greater than 10(4) bacteria/ml blood. In the three cases of H. influenzae type b meningitis, bacteremia exceeded 10(3)/ml. Among nine patients in whom bacteremia was unassociated with meningitis, (bacteremia without evident localized disease 5, pneumonia 2, epiglottitis 1, peritonitis 1), bacteremia was less than 10(3)/ml. This technique may aid detection of bacteremia and help identify those children at highest risk for developing septic complications, such as meningitis.
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PMID:Detection and quantitation of bacteremia in childhood. 33 75

The accuracy of examination of the Gram-stained direct smear to classify presumptively Gram-negative rods into three morphotype groups, that is, (a) Enteric bacteria, (b) Pseudomonas, and (c) Bacteroides or Haemophilus, was evaluated. Randomly selected clinical strains (4-9) each of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Ps. aeruginosa, B. fragilis, and H. influenzae were used to produce peritonitis or subcutaneous abscesses in mice. A Gram-stained direct smear was prepared from exudate collected from each animal. The direct smears were examined to classify bacteria observed into one of the three morphotype groups. The percent accuracy was 82, 56, and 95, respectively, and 76 overall. The assumption was made that classification was based primarily on differences in length and width of the organisms. To test this hypothesis, we prepared scanning electron photomicrographs from each specimen of exudate and measured the lengths and widths of bacteria. Examination of the Gram-stained direct smear was more accurate for classification of enteric bacteria, H. influenzae, or B. fragilis. Electron microscopy was more accurate for classification of Ps. aeruginosa. The higher length-width radio should be helpful in recognizing Ps. aeruginosa in direct smears.
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PMID:Differentiation of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacteroides and Haemophilus species in gram-stained direct smears. 171 90

Fundamental and clinical studies on cefminox (CMNX, MT-141), a new cephamycin antibiotic, were carried out and the results were as follows. After the intravenous one shot administration of 1 g CMNX to 17 cases, serum concentrations, tissue concentrations in pelvic organs and protein binding capacities in serum were measured. Blood concentrations ranged between 100-200 micrograms/immediately after the injection and declined gradually. Half-life (T1/2) was 75 minutes. Tissue concentrations were 30-70 micrograms/g (tissue weight) 10 minutes after injection and declined. Half-life was 90 minutes. The average serum protein binding rate was 66.3 +/- 8.4%. Correlation between tissue concentration (Y) and free serum concentration (X) was expressed as Y = 0.42 + 7.14X. Correlation coefficient (r) was 0.80 (r = 0.80). Correlation coefficient in serum concentrations between HPLC and bioassay was 0.83 and that in free concentration was 0.97. In clinical studies, CMNX was administered to 19 cases of obstetric and gynecological infections. The patients were constituted of 3 with puerperal endometritis, 3 with pyometra, 3 with pelvic peritonitis, 3 with parametritis, 3 with adnexitis, 2 with BARTHOLIN's abscess and 1 with retroperitoneal abscess and vulva abscess. Overall clinical efficacy was 89.5% (17/19). Bacteriologically 26 strains were isolated, 6 strains of E. coli, 4 strains of B. fragilis, 2 strains of P. anaerobius and P. asaccharolyticus and each one of E. faecalis, S. epidermidis, N. gonorrhoeae, S. marcescens, P. maltophilia, A. calcoaceticus, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, H. influenzae, S. intermedius, E. lentum and F. varium. Twenty of these 24 strains were eliminated after the administration, K. pneumoniae was decreased, E. faecalis, S. marcescens and P. maltophilia remained unaffected. No side effects were observed but 1 case showed mild elevation of transaminases which normalized 1 week after CMNX was stopped.
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PMID:[Basic and clinical studies on cefminox in obstetrics and gynecology]. 393 Jul 99

Microbiological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on sulbactam/cefoperazone (SBT/CPZ) were carried out in the field of pediatrics. Antimicrobial activity The MIC80 of SBT/CPZ was 6.25 micrograms/ml for clinically isolated 24 strains of S. aureus (24 beta-lactamase producing strains), 0.39 micrograms/ml for 17 strains of S. pyogenes, 3.13 micrograms/ml for 24 strains of E. coli (22 beta-lactamase producing strains), 3.13 micrograms/ml for 22 strains of K. pneumoniae (22 beta-lactamase producing strains), 1.56 micrograms/ml for 22 strains of P. mirabilis and 0.20 microgram/ml for 15 strains of H. influenzae (13 beta-lactamase producing strains). In comparison with CPZ in respect to the MIC, SBT/CPZ exhibited synergistic effect on 31 strains out of 81 beta-lactamase producing strains (included 6 strains of S. aureus, 9 of E. coli, 5 of K. pneumoniae and 11 of H. influenzae) which was scarcely observed against 43 non-beta-lactamase producing strains. Absorption and excretion Serum levels and urinary excretion of SBT/CPZ were studied in 7 children aged 5 to 12 years. The mean serum concentration of SBT at 15 minutes following a single intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg of SBT/CPZ was 14.2 micrograms/ml and that of CPZ was 30.4 micrograms/ml. The mean urinary recovery rates at 6 hours following the intravenous injection were 57.8% and 18.3%, respectively. The mean serum concentrations of SBT and CPZ after 1-hour infusion of 10 mg/kg of SBT/CPZ were 10.9 micrograms/ml and 17.6 micrograms/ml, respectively. The urinary recovery rates of SBT and CPZ at 7 hours after the infusion were 100.0% and 27.7% on average, respectively. The mean serum levels of SBT and CPZ at 15 minutes after a single intravenous injection of 20 mg/kg of SBT/CPZ were 25.6 micrograms/ml and 66.0 micrograms/ml, respectively and urinary elimination until up to 6 hours were 72.5% on average for SBT and 21.1% for CPZ. Clinical study SBT/CPZ was used for the treatment of a total of 20 pediatric patients aged 1 month to 14 years to evaluate its clinical effectiveness, bacteriological efficacy and adverse effects. The clinical efficacy in 6 patients with acute pneumonia, 3 with staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, 2 each with acute purulent tonsillitis and acute pyelonephritis, 1 each with acute purulent lymphadenitis, acute sinusitis, acute bronchitis, peritonitis and acute enteritis was judged to be excellent in 15 cases and good in 3 cases with an efficacy ratio of 100%. The clinical efficacy in 6 patients whose infections were caused by beta-lactamase producing strains was judged to be excellent in all the cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Studies on sulbactam/cefoperazone in the field of pediatrics]. 609 65

Twenty-four pediatric patients with infections were treated with ceftazidime (CAZ) by one-shot intravenous injection in the doses of 39 approximately 149 mg/kg/day in 4 divided doses as a rule. These patients' ages ranged from 2 months to 13 years 4 months. The duration of the administration ranged from 4 to 19 days, and total doses ranged from 1.38 to 57 g. Infections consisted of respiratory tract infections in 19 cases (acute tonsillitis in 3, acute bronchitis in 7, and pneumonia in 9), urinary tract infection in 1 case, acute peritonitis in 1 case, and suspected sepsis in 3 cases. Clinical efficacy was excellent in 18, good in 1, fair in 1, and poor in 4 cases, and the efficacy rate (excellent + good) was 79.2%. Bacteriological response was evaluated on 14 strains of bacteria isolated from lesions, assumed as the causative organisms (7 strains of S. aureus, 3 of P. aeruginosa, 1 of H. influenzae, 1 of K. pneumoniae, 1 of E. coli, and 1 of S. marcescens). Out of these strains, 10 were eradicated, and 1 (P. aeruginosa) decreased, but 2 strains (both S. aureus) persisted. (One strain of S. aureus was not examined.) No adverse effect suspected to be related to the drug was observed either in subjective symptom or in objective findings.
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PMID:[Clinical studies of ceftazidime in the pediatric field]. 637 55

In an eight year period 16 cases of serious extrapulmonary Hemophilus influenzae infection in adults were identified, including cases of meningitis, pericarditis, epiglottitis, empyema, cellulitis, osteomyelitis, endometritis, urinary tract infection, orbital cellulitis, primary peritonitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis and aortic graft infection. An 18 month prospective study of H. influenzae infection in hospitalized adults identified 10 cases of bronchitis, 25 of pneumonia and 65 of respiratory tract colonization, but there were no extrapulmonary infections. In 29 percent of the respiratory tract infections, H. influenzae appeared to be a nosocomial pathogen; in 71 percent, the infection was mixed. Finally, 110 clinical isolates of H. influenzae were studied for antimicrobial susceptibility. Eight percent were ampicillin resistant, two strains were resistant to tetracycline and one to chloramphenicol, but all were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and cefamandole.
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PMID:Hemophilus influenzae in hospitalized adults: current perspectives. 696 96

In order to ascertain the therapeutic effects of cefoxitin (CFX), a new semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic, it was administered to pediatric patients with several infections. There were 8 patients with acute respiratory disease (ARD), 3 with urinary tract infection (UTI), 2 with appendicitis complicated with peritonitis, 2 with scarlet fever, one each of left coxitis, infected medial cervical cyst, febrile illness after a V-P shunt operation, purulent parotitis and intractable diarrhea with fever, namely, a total of 20 patients aged from one month to 11 years 6 months. A CFX vial which contained 1 g of CFX was used in two ways, i.e., one shot intravenous injection and drip infusion. The dosage of the drug varied from 57 to 121 mg/kg/day and the administration was continued from 2 to 20 days. Clinical effects were evaluated as follows: when cardinal symptoms disappeared within 3 days it was considered to be 'excellent'; within 5 days 'good'; and no change of clinical symptoms within 5 days 'poor'. The bacteriological effect was expressed as 'eliminated', 'unchanged' and 'undetermined'. Clinical efficacy evaluated as 'excellent' occurred in 11 cases, 'good' in 8 cases and 'poor' in 1 case, the efficacy rate being 95.0%. When classified by the disease, the efficacy rate was as follows: 'good' to 'excellent' in 7 out of the 8 cases of ARD, 'excellent' in all of the 3 cases of UTI, 'good' and 'excellent' in the 2 cases of scarlet fever and in the 2 cases of peritonitis, 'excellent' in each case of left coxitis, purulent parotitis and intractable diarrhea with fever, 'good' in each case of infected medial cervical cyst and febrile illness with a V-P shunt operation. From the bacteriological point of view, 'eliminated' occurred in 5 cases, 'reduced' in 1 case and 'undetermined' in the 2 cases of ARD, 'eliminated' in all of the 3 cases of UTI, 'eliminated' in 1 case and 'undetermined' in the 1 case of peritonitis, 'undetermined' in the 2 cases of scarlet fever, 'eliminated' in each case of infected medial cervical cyst and purulent parotitis and 'undetermined' in the other cases. Antimicrobial efficacy measured by MIC was compared with CEZ and CET, and the results were as follows: CFX was inferior to the two cephalosporins for S. aureus, it was between CEZ and CET for H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae, and CFX was superior to CEZ and CET for E. coli. All of the 3 antibiotics had poor antimicrobial efficacy for P. aeruginosa and S. faecalis. There were neither clinical side effects nor abnormal laboratory findings which were obviously attributable to CFX during and after administration of the drug.
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PMID:[Therapeutic effects of cefoxitin in the treatment of various infections in children (author's transl)]. 728 30

We recently saw two unusual manifestations of Haemophilus influenzae infection in adults in the Seattle area: fulminant sepsis in an otherwise-healthy man and three episodes of bacteremia in a woman with chronic liver disease. We retrospectively identified 79 bacteremic and 40 non-bacteremic cases of invasive H. influenzae infection developing in patients > or = 9 years of age between 1 January 1980 and 31 December 1990. The most common clinical presentations among patients with bacteremia included pneumonia (52%), septicemia (27%), meningitis (8%), gynecologic infection (5%), and epiglottitis (5%). Underlying illnesses were common in these patients, and overall mortality was 35.5%. Factors associated with mortality included underlying neurological disease, polymicrobial bacteremia, and advanced age. The clinical presentations of the 40 patients without bacteremia included soft-tissue abscesses (45%), lung abscesses (18%), peritonitis (13%), meningitis (8%), gynecologic infection (8%), epididymitis (5%), mastoiditis (3%), and osteomyelitis (3%). Thus H. influenzae disease has a variety of presentations and is associated with significant mortality in older children and adults. Further study is required to determine whether widespread administration of H. influenzae type b conjugate vaccine to infants will alter the development of subsequent disease in later life.
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PMID:Invasive Haemophilus influenzae infections in older children and adults in Seattle. 821 79

Infections jeopardize children on immunosuppression after organ transplantation. Immunization is protective in healthy children. The aims of this study were to analyze the rate and efficacy of immunization in 62 children undergoing dialysis and renal transplantation (RTPL) between 1987 and 2000. The analysis was based on clinical findings, vaccination certificates, and measurement of specific serum antibodies. A member of the renal unit administered vaccinations. All 62 patients were immunized against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella, and hepatitis B. Since introduction in 1991 and 1995, 44 and 42 children were also vaccinated against influenza and Hemophilus influenzae type b, respectively. Of 16 patients with a negative history, 14 were given varicella vaccine; 16 children on peritoneal dialysis (PD) or with nephrotic syndrome were immunized against Streptococcus pneumoniae. All vaccinated patients had detectable serum antibodies against measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, hepatitis B, H. influenzae, and S. pneumoniae. There were 3 infections despite vaccination; 1 patient developed varicella after RTPL and 1 patient on PD had 2 episodes of peritonitis caused by H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae. In conclusion, monitoring and administration of the vaccines by the renal team enabled a high immunization rate. Whether vaccines, as documented by antibody titers, or by the low prevalence in the general population promoted the low prevalence of infections remains open, as there were at least a few vaccination failures.
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PMID:Immunization in children with chronic renal failure. 1218 73


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