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Query: UMLS:C0031154 (peritonitis)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bacteria of the avian [Pasteurella haemolytica]-'Actinobacillus salpingitidis' complex have been associated with different pathological conditions in birds, among which salpingitis and peritonitis in chickens of layer type seem to dominate. The aim of this study was to classify these bacteria by comparison of 37 strains tentatively classified as biovars of the avian [P. haemolytica]-'A. salpingitidis' complex or as Pasteurella anatis. PFGE, AFLP and plasmid profiling showed that strains representing different biovars were genotypically different. Phylogenetic analysis of 22 strains characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison showed that strains classified as biovars 5, 8 and 9 were closely related to the suggested type strain of 'A. salpingitidis' (98.4-99.9% similarity), whereas the remaining strains classified in 12 biovars or as P. anatis were closely related to the type strain of P. anatis (98.1-100% similarity). The two groups were related at 95.7-97.1% similarity. The closest similarity outside this group was 94.6%, between biovar 15 and Bisgaard taxon 3. DNA-DNA hybridization was performed with 34 strains and showed binding above 85% for strains of biovars 5 and 8, including the suggested type strain of 'A. salpingitidis'. Two strains of P. anatis (F 149T and F 279) were closely related at 79% DNA binding to 27 strains of biovars 1,3, 4, 11, 12, 17-20, 22 and 24. A new genus, Gallibacterium gen. nov., is proposed to include the avian [P. haemolytica]-'A. salpingitidis'-P. anatis complex, since these taxa form a monophyletic unit with similarities above 95% on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence comparison and they are unrelated to other genera of the family Pasteurellaceae Pohl 1981. The new genus consists of Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped or pleomorphic bacteria. The bacteria are catalase-, oxidase- and phosphatase-positive. Nitrate is reduced and acid is produced without gas formation from glycerol, (-)D-ribose, (+)D-xylose, (-)D-mannitol, (-)D-fructose, (+)D-galactose, (+)D-glucose, (+)D-mannose, sucrose and raffinose. The genus Gallibacterium can be separated from other genera of Pasteurellaceae by differences in catalass, symbiotic growth, haemolysis, urease, indole, acid production from (+)D-xylose, (-)D-mannitol, (-)D-sorbitol, (+)D-mannose, maltose, raffinose and dextrin and ONPG and PNPG tests. Pasteurella anatis Mutters et al. 1985 is transferred to the new genus as Gallibacterium anatis gen. nov., comb. nov. Genomospecies 1 of Gallibacterium is proposed to include the former biovars 5 and 8 of the avian [P. haemolytica]-'A. salpingitidis' complex. The type strain of Gallibacterium anatis is F 149T (=ATCC 43329T = NCTC 11413T) and the reference strain of Gallibacterium genomospecies 1 is CCM 5974.
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PMID:Genetic relationships among avian isolates classified as Pasteurella haemolytica, 'Actinobacillus salpingitidis' or Pasteurella anatis with proposal of Gallibacterium anatis gen. nov., comb. nov. and description of additional genomospecies within Gallibacterium gen. nov. 1265 85

Exposure of the peritoneal cavity to meconium causes a marked inflammatory response. The effect of intraperitoneal meconium on intestinal morphology and plasma nitrite and nitrate (NO2(-) + NO3(-)) levels and how this inflammatory process is influenced by hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment were investigated in this study. The purpose was to determine whether HBO treatment could be considered a useful adjunct in the resuscitative treatment of severely ill patients admitted with meconium peritonitis (MP). Rats were divided into three groups. Human meconium (MP group, n=10) and sterile saline (control group, n=10) were injected intraperitoneally for 3 days. The procedure for meconium injection was combined with HBO treatment for the HBO group (n=10). HBO was administered for 7 days. In all groups, peritoneal swap cultures, plasma NO2(-) + NO3(-) levels, intestinal diameters, and macroscopic and microscopic changes in the intestine were determined on the 8th day. Bacterial growth was not detected in the peritoneal swap cultures. There was a significant difference in NO2(-) + NO3(-) levels between the MP and HBO groups ( P<0.05), between the MP and control groups ( P<0.01), and between the HBO and control groups ( P<0.05). Thin fibrinous adhesions in both the MP and HBO groups, and thickened and dilated intestinal loops in the MP group were observed macroscopically. The intestinal diameter in the MP group was significantly greater than in the HBO and control groups. The only microscopic difference was seen in the serosal layer. Compared with the animals in the control and HBO groups, the intestine of the rats in the MP group showed prominent serosal thickening, edema, capillary proliferation and cellular infiltration. The ameliorated inflammatory changes and decreased dilatation of the intestine accompanied by a significant decrease in NO2(-) + NO3(-) levels suggest that as an adjunctive treatment, HBO may have a beneficial effect in the resuscitative treatment of meconium peritonitis.
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PMID:The effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on the inflammatory changes caused by intraperitoneal meconium. 1456 18

Nitric oxide (NO) has multiple actions, ranging from immunomodulation to regulation of vascular tone and capillary flow. Thus NO generation within the peritoneum could potentially affect peritoneal transport by increasing capillary vasodilatation, and regulate the response to bacterial invasion. Peritoneal mesothelial cells have a common embryological derivation with endothelial cells. As mesothelial cells are the predominant cell type lining the peritoneal cavity, they could potentially be a major source of locally produced nitric oxide. Nitric oxide was measured using the Griess reaction, as total nitrite and nitrate, in fresh unused and spent dialysate effluent (SPDE) from both healthy peritoneal dialysis patients, and during episodes of bacterial peritonitis. Whereas fresh CAPD dialysate was nitrite free (5 +/- 0.1 microM), SPDE from a standard 4 h day time exchange contained 10.2 +/- 0.6 microM/L/h, and that from the overnight dwell 9.1 +/- 0.7 microM/L/h. During an episode of peritonitis, dialysate nitrite and nitrate increased significantly from 9.0 +/- 1.0 microM/L/h, when not infected to 17.5 +/- 2.4, from the first CAPD bag drained at presentation, and 15.2 +/- 1.8 for the second and 16.0 +/- 2.5 for the third exchange (p<0.01). By the following day nitrite levels had returned to baseline, 7.0 +/- 1.0 microM/L/h. Human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC) were cultured and found to produce nitric oxide (261 nmol/mg cell protein), which increased in a dose dependent manner with the addition of spent uninfected CAPD dialysate. The addition of L-arginine, a NO substrate resulted in a 10% increase in nitric oxide production, whereas the addition of the blocker L-NMMA produced a 10% reduction. RNA for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was sought using northern blotting technique following combination stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and cytokines (IL-1beta, TNFalpha and gamma-INF, and/or spent dialysate from patients with bacterial peritonitis). However, we could not demonstrate RNA production for iNOS. Peritoneal mesothelial cells may be an important source of locally generated nitric oxide within the peritoneal cavity under basal conditions, but as they do not contain iNOS, the markedly increased NO production observed with episodes of acute bacterial peritonitis is more likely due to a combination of increased NO production by peritoneal macrophages and endothelial cells.
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PMID:Nitric oxide production by human peritoneal mesothelial cells. 1498 79

We investigated the pathology and the involvement of type II phospholipase A2 (type II PLA2), inflammatory cytokines, nitrite/nitrate (NOx), and endotoxin in generalized peritonitis. All of the factors except endotoxin were higher in the non-surviving group, the shock group, and the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) group than in the surviving group, the shock-free group, and the MODS-free group, respectively. Significant differences were not found in endotoxin or other factors at sites of gastrointestinal (GI) perforation. These findings suggest that inflammatory cytokines, type II PLA2, and NO are highly involved in the evolution of the pathology of generalized peritonitis.
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PMID:Assessment of inflammatory mediators in patients with generalized peritonitis. 1731 78

Use of metal carbonyl-based compounds capable of releasing carbon monoxide (CO) in biological systems have emerged as a potential adjunctive therapy for sepsis via their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. The role of CO in regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction and biogenesis associated with sepsis has not been investigated. In the present study, we employed a ruthenium-based water-soluble CO carrier, tricarbonylchoro(glycinato)ruthenium (II) (CORM-3), one of the novel CO-releasing molecules (CO-RMs), to test whether CO can improve cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction and survival in peritonitis-induced sepsis. Peritonitis was performed in mice by cecal ligation and perforation. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-10, and nitrite/nitrate plasma levels were tested to evaluate the systemic inflammatory response. Functional mitochondrial studies included determination of membrane potential, respiration, and redox status. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measurements of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide, carbonyl protein and GSH levels. Mitochondrial biogenesis was assessed by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)-1alpha protein expression and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number. The systemic inflammatory response elicited by peritonitis was accompanied by mitochondrial energetic metabolism deterioration and reduced PGC-1alpha protein expression. CORM-3 treatment in septic mice restored the deleterious effects of sepsis on mitochondrial membrane potential, respiratory control ratio, and energetics. It is interesting that administration of CORM-3 during sepsis elicited a mild oxidative stress response that stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis with PGC-1alpha protein expression and mtDNA copy number increases. Our results reveal that delivery of controlled amounts of CO dramatically reduced mortality in septic mice, indicating that CO-RMs could be used therapeutically to prevent organ dysfunction and death in sepsis.
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PMID:Carbon monoxide rescues mice from lethal sepsis by supporting mitochondrial energetic metabolism and activating mitochondrial biogenesis. 1919 Feb 34

1. The inhibiting action of urine on catalase depends to a great extent on its reaction. The urine of a nephritic has no greater inhibiting power than normal urine provided the reaction of urines tested is neutral. 2. The catalytic activity of a single rabbit's blood is constant from day to day. 3. There is considerable variation in the catalytic action of the blood of different rabbits. 4. Following ligation of the ureters the catalytic activity of the blood gradually decreases; the tissues of an animal which has died as a result of ligation of the ureters show a decided decrease in catalytic activity, when compared with those of normal animals. 5. Following bilateral nephrectomy the same decline of the catalytic action of the blood is observed as after bilateral ligation of ureters. 6. Following unilateral nephrectomy the catalytic activity of the blood may temporarily fall and then rise above its previous level, or it may fall continuously. Wherever the continuous fall occurs the animal dies. 7. When the kidneys are allowed to function but the urine is drained into the peritoneal cavity there is no change in the catalytic activity of the tissues post-mortem but a marked rise in the catalytic activity of the blood accompanies the resulting peritonitis. 8. The same rise in the catalytic activity of the blood is obtained in experimental bacterial peritonitis. This might be of diagnostic importance in determining early inflammations of the peritoneum. 9. A kidney functioning normally changes substances circulating in the blood into urinary products devoid of any influence on catalase. If the kidney cannot effect this change, these substances remain unaltered in the circulating blood and by their presence inhibit the catalytic activity of the blood and organs. 10. Nephritis (Uranium Nitrate).-A. In acute nephritis there is a marked decrease in the catalytic activity of the blood and of the tissues post-mortem. The decrease in the catalytic activity of the blood may vary directly with the amount of urine excreted. B. With the onset of uraemia the catalytic activity of the blood decreases markedly and follows in a general way the urinary findings, especially the total amount of urine. If the animal recovers the catalase gradually rises. C. Although the catalytic activity of a normal rabbit's blood is constant from day to day, the activity of blood from a rabbit in which an experimental nephritis has been produced oscillates markedly. The catalytic activity of the blood may under certain conditions indicate the functional sufficiency of the kidneys much more accurately than the urinary findings.
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PMID:THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF THE BLOOD IN RELATION TO (1) THE FUNCTIONAL SUFFICIENCY OF THE KIDNEYS; (2) PERITONITIS. 1986 41

1. In the experiments recorded in this paper the influence of the osmotic pressure of the blood upon absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity becomes apparent. Nephrectomy, removal of the adrenals, and other operations increase the osmotic pressure of the blood and increase the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity. On the other hand, ether narcosis, at the period at which we tested its influence, causes neither an increase of osmotic pressure of the blood nor an increase in the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity. 2. The increased osmotic pressure and increased absorption of fluid in nephrectomized animals is to a great extent not a specific effect of the removal of the kidneys, but approximately the same conditions can be observed after incisions of the skin and muscles. 3. After poisoning with uranium nitrate and in cases of peritonitis, complicating factors come into play, and under such conditions the absorption from the peritoneal cavity is not increased, notwithstanding the higher osmotic pressure of the blood. 4. In conditions in which the osmotic pressure of the blood is very high before the injection of sodium chloride solution into the peritoneal cavity (nephrectomized rabbits or rabbits injected with uranium nitrate three days previously), adrenalin causes no increase, or only a very slight one, in the absorption of peritoneal fluid. On the other hand, one day after the injection of uranium nitrate the osmotic pressure of the blood is only slightly increased before the injection of the sodium chloride solution into the peritoneal cavity, and here adrenalin causes a marked increase in absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity. 5. In animals injected with uranium nitrate the retention of sodium chloride and other osmotically active substances in the blood is not entirely due to interference with the functions of the kidney. This retention may be explained either by an inability of the tissues to bind the sodium chloride and other osmotically active substances or to a diminished permeability of the blood vessels for such substances. 6. While in nephrectornized animals the elimination of sodium chloride from the peritoneal cavity and also from the blood is increased, in animals injected with uranium nitrate such an elimination is diminished. This increase in the sodium chloride content of the peritoneal fluid in animals treated with uranium nitrate is accompanied by a decrease in the diffusion of other osmotically active substances into the peritoneal cavity. 7. While in nephrectomized animals and in animals injected with uranium nitrate one day previously, adrenalin causes a diminution of the fluid retained in the blood-vessels similar to the diminution noted in normal animals, adrenalin no longer exerts such an effect at a later stage of the uranium nitrate poisoning. At this period after the administration of uranium nitrate, the retention of fluid in the blood vessels is apparently equal in experiments with and without the injection of adrenalin, and following the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity, the retention of fluid in the blood vessels in the uranium nitrate animals is increased comparatively to a greater extent than in normal animals. 8. Our experiments show a marked difference in the distribution of fluid and of osmotically active substances in nephrectomized animals and in animals injected with uranium nitrate. This difference may explain the much greater liability to the development of edema in animals injected with uranium nitrate.
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PMID:STUDIES IN EDEMA : VII. THE INFLUENCE OF NEPHRECTOMY AND OTHER SURGICAL OPERATIONS AND OF THE LESIONS PRODUCED BY URANIUM NITRATE UPON ABSORPTION FROM THE PERITONEAL CAVITY. 1986 38

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide released from the autonomic nerves exerting multiple antiinflammatory effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of severe sepsis and hemofiltration in two settings on plasma and tissue concentrations of VIP in a porcine model of sepsis. Thirty-two pigs were divided into 5 groups: 1) control group; 2) control group with conventional hemofiltration; 3) septic group; 4) septic group with conventional hemofiltration; 5) septic group with high-volume hemofiltration. Sepsis induced by faecal peritonitis continued for 22 hours. Hemofiltration was applied for the last 10 hours. Hemodynamic, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters (heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, nitrate + nitrite, asymmetric dimethylarginine) and the systemic VIP concentrations were measured before faeces inoculation and at 12 and 22 hours of peritonitis. VIP tissue levels were determined in the left ventricle, mesenteric and coronary arteries. Sepsis induced significant increases in VIP concentrations in the plasma and mesenteric artery, but it decreased peptide levels in the coronary artery. Hemofiltration in both settings reduced concentrations of VIP in the mesenteric artery. In severe sepsis, VIP seems to be rapidly depleted from the coronary artery and, on the other hand, upregulated in the mesenteric artery. Hemofiltration in both settings has a tendency to drain away these upregulated tissue stores which could result in the limited secretory capacity of the peptide.
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PMID:Tissue concentrations of vasoactive intestinal peptide are affected by peritonitis-induced sepsis and hemofiltration in pigs. 2140 2

The pathogenetic mechanisms associated to the beneficial effects of mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO(2))-guided resuscitation during sepsis are unclear. Our purpose was to evaluate the effects of an algorithm of SvO(2)-driven resuscitation including fluids, norepinephrine and dobutamine on hemodynamics, inflammatory response, and cardiovascular oxidative stress during a clinically resembling experimental model of septic shock. Eighteen anesthetized and catheterized pigs (35-45 kg) were submitted to peritonitis by fecal inoculation (0.75 g/kg). After hypotension, antibiotics were administered, and the animals were randomized to two groups: control (n = 9), with hemodynamic support aiming central venous pressure 8 to 12 mmHg, urinary output 0.5 mL/kg per hour, and mean arterial pressure greater than 65 mmHg; and SvO(2) (n = 9), with the goals above, plus SvO(2) greater than 65%. The interventions lasted 12 h, and lactated Ringer's and norepinephrine (both groups) and dobutamine (SvO(2) group) were administered. Inflammatory response was evaluated by plasma concentration of cytokines, neutrophil CD14 expression, oxidant generation, and apoptosis. Oxidative stress was evaluated by plasma and myocardial nitrate concentrations, myocardial and vascular NADP(H) oxidase activity, myocardial glutathione content, and nitrotyrosine expression. Mixed venous oxygen saturation-driven resuscitation was associated with improved systolic index, oxygen delivery, and diuresis. Sepsis induced in both groups a significant increase on IL-6 concentrations and plasma nitrate concentrations and a persistent decrease in neutrophil CD14 expression. Apoptosis rate and neutrophil oxidant generation were not different between groups. Treatment strategies did not significantly modify oxidative stress parameters. Thus, an approach aiming SvO(2) during sepsis improves hemodynamics, without any significant effect on inflammatory response and oxidative stress. The beneficial effects associated with this strategy may be related to other mechanisms.
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PMID:SvO(2)-guided resuscitation for experimental septic shock: effects of fluid infusion and dobutamine on hemodynamics, inflammatory response, and cardiovascular oxidative stress. 2192 35

This study aims to determine whether levosimendan combined with arginine vasopressin infusion supplemented with norepinephrine can improve hemodynamics and pulmonary dysfunction. The study was tested in a fecal peritonitis-induced septic shock model, we observed that levosimendan combined with arginine vasopressin supplemented with norepinephrine therapy resulted in lower mean pulmonary artery pressure, lactate concentrations, arterial total nitrate/nitrite, and high-mobility group box 1 levels; decreased lung wet/dry ratio, and pulmonary levels of interleukin-6, total histological scores, and improved pulmonary gas exchange when compared with norepinephrine group. Levosimendan combined with arginine vasopressin supplemented with norepinephrine infusion shows potential benefit in sepsis-induced acute lung injury by decreasing mean pulmonary artery pressure and attenuating inflammatory responses in the lung compared to norepinephrine infusion alone.
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PMID:Effects of combined levosimendan and vasopressin on pulmonary function in porcine septic shock. 2193 58


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