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Query: UMLS:C0031154 (peritonitis)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Polymicrobial peritonitis is a relatively uncommon, but potentially serious complication that develops in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Its cause and optimal management remain controversial. The authors reviewed the frequency and natural history of polymicrobial peritonitis in 432 CAPD patients. Of 1,405 episodes of peritonitis, 80 were polymicrobial (6%). Patients with polymicrobial peritonitis were similar to all CAPD patients in age, gender, race, and underlying renal disease. Diabetes mellitus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, and clinically apparent gastrointestinal disease did not predisposes patients to polymicrobial peritonitis. Thirty days after the polymicrobial peritonitis, 64 patients remained on CAPD (80%), and at 180 days 48 patients continued CAPD. Prior exit-site infections were present in 12 patients (14%) with polymicrobial peritonitis. Only 22% of patients required catheter removal to treat the infection. We conclude that polymicrobial peritonitis accounts for 6% of the total episodes of peritonitis; diabetes, HIV infection, and underlying gastrointestinal disease are not more prevalent in patients with multiorganism infections. Most patients continue CAPD therapy at 30 and 180 days after the episode of polymicrobial peritonitis.
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PMID:Outcome of polymicrobial peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. 787 25

The authors examined 48 patients with peritonitis (20 with the generalized and 28 with the localized form). The content of T-lymphocytes, theophylline-resistant and theophylline-sensitive T-lymphocytes, leukocyte chemotaxic activity, and the lymphocyte ATP content were studied. It was found that the state of the immune system in the early postoperative period allows the severity of the disease and its outcome to be prognosticated. A sharp decrease in the T-lymphocyte content and decrease of the amount of ATP in the lymphocytes in stable reduction of chemotaxic activity is an unfavorable prognostic sign. Introduction of indirect electrochemical oxidation with a sodium hypochlorite solution into the complex of intensive therapy produces, in addition to a marked detoxification effect, a stabilizing effect on metabolic processes in the lymphocytes and activates the cellular link of immunity. Combined immunocorrection with the agents tactivin and leukinferon possesses a high potential of an immunobiological effect and can be recommended for correction of severe secondary immunodeficiency in patients with generalized peritonitis.
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PMID:[Combined detoxification and immunocorrective therapy in patients with peritonitis]. 800 6

Treatment with ethambutol 15 mg/kg, rifabutin 6 mg/kg and amikacin 15 mg/kg (IV for 2-4 weeks) in 31 HIV infected patients with severe immunodeficiency and infection caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) was evaluated in a retrospective study. The patients had one or more of the following clinical features: fever 31, weight loss 13, cough 10, pleurisy I, pericarditis 2, diarrhoea 12, peritonitis I. MAC was cultured from blood in 29, bone marrow in six, sputum in nine, faeces in 15, bowel biopsy in six and liver biopsy in four patients. Twenty-two of the 31 patients showed treatment response after a median time of 14 days, and five had a relapse successfully treated with another course of amikacin. Median survival time was 8 months.
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PMID:Efficacy of triple drug regimen of amikacin, ethambutol and rifabutin in AIDS patients with symptomatic Mycobacterium avium complex infection. 838 30

Infection of primary macrophages in vitro by feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) was used as a model system to study the kinetics of Fc receptor-mediated antibody-dependent enhancement (FcR-ADE) of virus infectivity at the single cell level. Cells were examined for evidence of viral RNA synthesis at various times points after infection, using 35S-labeled riboprobes and in situ hybridization. At each time point, infection of macrophages with FIPV in the presence of enhancing antiserum was compared to infection with FIPV alone. Both positive- and negative-sense FIPV RNA synthesis began at the same time point after infection in each case. In addition, the level of enhancement was the same from the earliest time of detectable RNA synthesis onward. Therefore, the degree of enhancement appears to be determined at an early point in the infection cycle. These results indicate that Fc-ADE does not induce more rapid viral RNA synthesis compared to infection with FIPV alone. Our results are compared to those of recent work concerning ADE of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the presence of complement.
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PMID:Evaluation of antibody-dependent enhancement of feline infectious peritonitis virus infectivity using in situ hybridization. 839 36

Two women and two men were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmitted by renal transplantation from i.v. drug-addicted donors in 1984. The four recipients were treated with cyclosporine and methylprednisolone (one patient only for three months because of early graft failure). Two patients died 66 and 74 months after transplantation, one of endocarditis and one of cerebral hemorrhage. Despite several infections including urinary tract infection (n = 8), peritonitis (n = 1), shunt infection (n = 1), bronchitis (n = 1), salmonellosis (n = 1), herpes stomatitis (n = 2), herpes zoster (n = 1), and cytomegalovirus (n = 1), and despite treatment of several rejection episodes (n = 8), none of them had or has infections typical of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, two patients developed cervical lymphadenopathy and one autoimmune thrombocytopenia 15-20 months after HIV-1 infection. Their T helper cell counts (355/microliters to 75/microliters) and helper/suppressor T cell ratios (1.0-0.2) are distinctly lowered. One patient has membranous glomerulopathy with virus-like particles within and on the outside of the basement membrane and tubuloreticular inclusions in glomerular endothelial cells. We evaluated the case reports of 53 patients with HIV-infection caused by an infected transplant or by blood transfusions during or shortly after transplantation. The cumulative incidence of AIDS was significantly lower in 40 transplant patients with an immunosuppressive regimen including cyclosporine than in 13 transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment without cyclosporine (5-year cumulative risk of AIDS: 31% versus 90%, P = 0.001).
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PMID:The effect of cyclosporine on the progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection transmitted by transplantation--data on four cases and review of the literature. 821 77

Serum samples obtained from 38 free-ranging Florida panthers (Felis concolor coryi) in southern Florida, March 1978 through February 1991, were tested for antibodies against eight bacterial, parasitic, and viral disease agents. Sera were positive for antibodies against feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) (78%), feline calicivirus (56%), feline immunodeficiency virus/puma lentivirus (37%), feline enteric coronavirus/feline infectious peritonitis virus (19%), and Toxoplasma gondii (9%). All samples were seronegative for Brucella spp., feline rhinotracheitis virus, and pseudorabies virus. In addition, all the animals tested were negative for feline leukemia virus p27 antigen as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Feline panleukopenia virus was considered to be a potentially significant disease agent; FPV antibodies occurred in the highest prevalences in older age classes (P = 0.027) and in panthers living in the dense mixed hardwood swamps in the western portion of their range compared to the open cypress and sawgrass prairies to the east (P = 0.096). Because < 50 animals remain in this relict population and the probable resultant depression of genetic diversity and lowered disease resistance, FPV or other disease agents could contribute to the extinction of this endangered subspecies.
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PMID:Seroprevalence of infectious disease agents in free-ranging Florida panthers (Felis concolor coryi). 844 89

Chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is a commonly used form of renal replacement therapy in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). An increased incidence of peritonitis, as well as an increased rate of infections with unusual and serious organisms, has been reported in these patients. We report the first case of an HIV-infected patient who developed clinical peritonitis associated with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) infection. We suggest that the diagnosis of MAI peritonitis be suspected in HIV-infected patients with clinical CAPD peritonitis, negative cultures for bacteria or fungi, and a CD4 count less than 100 cells/microL. Therapy with a two-drug regimen for disseminated MAI infection without removal of the peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter appears to provide symptomatic improvement while allowing ongoing PD.
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PMID:Peritonitis associated with disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. 844 10

From 1974 to 1994, 2033 microbiological specimens from children were submitted for cultures for anaerobic bacteria. Fifty-seven isolates of Bifidobacterium spp. were obtained from 55 (3%) children, 67 isolates of Eubacterium spp. from 65 (3%) children and 41 isolates of Lactobacillus spp. from 40 (2%) children. Most Bifidobacterium isolates were from chronic otitis media, abscesses, peritonitis, aspiration pneumonia and paronychia. Most Eubacterium isolates were from abscesses, peritonitis, decubitus ulcers and bites. Lactobacillus spp. were mainly isolated from abscesses, aspiration pneumonia, bacteraemia and conjunctivitis. Most (> 90%) infections from which these species were isolated were polymicrobial and yielded a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The organisms most commonly isolated with the non-sporing anaerobic gram-positive rods were Peptostreptococcus spp., Bacteroides spp., pigmented Prevotella and Porphyromonas spp., Fusobacterium spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Most Bacteroides spp. and E. coli were isolated from intra-abdominal infection and skin and soft tissue infection around the rectal area, whereas most Prevotella, Porphyromonas and Fusobacterium isolates were from oropharyngeal, pulmonary and head and neck sites. The predisposing conditions associated with the isolation of non-sporing anaerobic gram-positive rods were previous surgery, malignancy, steroid therapy and immunodeficiency. Antimicrobial therapy was given to 149 (83%) of the 160 patients, in conjunction with surgical drainage or correction of pathology in 89 (56%).
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PMID:Isolation of non-sporing anaerobic rods from infections in children. 866 6

Uveitis is a commonly misdiagnosed ophthalmic condition with a wide aetiological base and often the cause cannot be established. Uveitis can be associated with systemic diseases like feline infectious peritonitis, feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukaemia virus, lymphoma, toxoplasmosis and canine ehrlichiosis. The classification and general clinical signs of uveitis are discussed. Applicable clinical cases, manifestations and diagnostic methods of the selected diseases are mentioned, and a general approach to the treatment of uveitis is given.
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PMID:Uveitis in dogs and cats: guidelines for the practitioner. 878 9

From September 1986 to September 1994, 34 emergency laparotomies were performed in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive patients. Patients were divided into 2 groups. Group A included 11 HIV seropositive patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In these patients, indications for exploration included right lower quadrant pain consistent with appendicitis in 6 patients, right upper quadrant pain consistent with cholecystitis in 3 patients, small bowel obstruction in 1 patient, and blunt abdominal trauma in 1 patient. No postoperative deaths were observed. Group B included 23 AIDS patients. Indications for exploration were diffuse peritonitis in 8 patients, right lower quadrant pain consistent with appendicitis in 6 patients, right upper quadrant pain consistent with cholecystitis in 5 patients, bowel obstruction in 2 patients, diffuse abdominal pain in 1 patient, and massive rectal hemorrhage in 1 patient. The mortality rate in this group was 35% (8 out of 23 patients). Five of the 8 patients with diffuse peritonitis died postoperatively (62%). The importance of early diagnosis and prompt surgery is emphasized to improve the prognosis in AIDS patients, because of their poor general condition and the severity of abdominal complications.
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PMID:[Abdominal surgical emergencies in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients. Apropos of 34 cases]. 878 19


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