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Query: UMLS:C0031154 (peritonitis)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Our patient represents the first reported case of peritonitis due to C equi. He had no known exposure to farm or domestic animals, and no evidence of underlying systemic immunodeficiency. After relapse, the patient was successfully treated with vancomycin, and catheter removal was not necessary. We suggest that C equi be added to the growing list of organisms not typically thought to be human pathogens that can cause peritonitis in patients receiving CAPD and recommend intraperitoneal vancomycin as primary therapy. Catheter removal may be necessary to clear the infection. Identification of the organism is important, as it may not respond to treatment with antibiotics such as cephalosporins or penicillins, which are commonly used to treat peritonitis.
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PMID:Corynebacterium equi peritonitis in a patient receiving peritoneal dialysis. 276 88

A patient receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, and who was known to be seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus but without AIDS or ARC, had peritonitis secondary to Trichosporon beigelii. The patient had been receiving oral antibiotics and had had recurrent bouts of bacterial peritonitis. Infection was cured with removal of the peritoneal catheter and intraperitoneal and intravenous amphotericin B. The course of this episode of Trichosporon beigelii peritonitis was similar to that of peritonitis caused by other yeasts.
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PMID:Trichosporon beigelii peritonitis. 276 91

Clinical toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in 15 cats by correlating serologic evidence of infection and clinical signs to either response to therapy or histopathologic demonstration of the organism. Ophthalmic manifestations, primarily involving the anterior segment, were common. Other common physical examination abnormalities included muscle hyperesthesia, fever, and weight loss. Response to therapy was variable, but administration of clindamycin hydrochloride resulted in resolution of all clinical signs not involving the eyes in surviving animals. This drug, alone or in combination with corticosteroids, led to total resolution of clinical signs in four of four cats with active retinochoroiditis and in six of nine cats with anterior uveitis. Four of the 15 cats had concurrent infection with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Feline leukemia virus antigen or antibodies to feline infectious peritonitis virus were not detected.
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PMID:Clinical feline toxoplasmosis. Serologic diagnosis and therapeutic management of 15 cases. 277 47

A primate lymphotropic lentivirus was isolated on the human T-cell line HuT 78 after cocultivation of a lymph node from a pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) that had died with malignant lymphoma. This isolate, originally designated M. nemestrina immunodeficiency virus (MnIV) and now classified as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV/Mne), was inoculated intravenously into three juvenile rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), three juvenile pig-tailed macaques (M. nemestrina), and two juvenile baboons (Papio cynocephalus). All six macaques became viremic by 3 weeks after inoculation, whereas neither of the baboons developed viremia. One pig-tailed macaque died at 15 weeks with suppurative peritonitis secondary to ulcerative, necrotizing colitis. Immunologic abnormalities included a marked decrease in CD4+ peripheral blood lymphocytes. Although five macaques mounted an antibody response to SIV/Mne, the animal that died at 15 weeks remained antibody negative. Three other macaques (two rhesus and one pig-tailed) died 66 to 87 weeks after inoculation after exhibiting progressive weight loss, anemia, and diarrhea. Histopathologic findings at necropsy included various manifestations of immune deficiency, nephropathy, subacute encephalitis, pancreatitis, adenocarcinoma, and lymphoid atrophy. SIV/Mne could be readily isolated from the spleens and lymph nodes of all necropsied macaques, and from the cerebrospinal fluid, brains, bone marrow, livers, and pancreas of some of the animals. SIV antigens were localized by avidin-biotin immunohistochemistry to pancreatic islet cells and to bone marrow endothelial cells. The data suggest that African baboons may be resistant to infection by SIV/Mne, whereas Asian macaques are susceptible to infection with this pathogenic primate lentivirus.
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PMID:Inoculation of baboons and macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus/Mne, a primate lentivirus closely related to human immunodeficiency virus type 2. 328 32

A rapidly expanding role involving the use of immunoglobulin preparations in conditions other than the classical immunodeficiency syndromes is evident in recent years. Treatment with immunoglobulin may be especially important during infection in which specific antibody to pathogens has been consumed, degraded, or not produced and in cases in which antibiotic treatment is ineffective. Recent studies in animals and humans support this concept, although further studies are needed to fully develop it. This study was completed to explore possible beneficial effects of prophylactic treatment of rodents during severe Salmonella typhimurium peritonitis with a newly developed native immunoglobulin G preparation for intravenous use (IGIV pH 4.25). This study demonstrates that IGIV pH 4.25 increases survival time and decreases absolute mortality, prevents hypotension and acidosis, and ameliorates or prevents changes in variables indicative of organ damage during S. typhimurium bacteremia in the rat. Studies in mice indicate that protection is mediated by antibody to cell surface antigen (s) of S. typhimurium.
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PMID:Efficaciousness of immunoglobulin G prophylaxis on mortality and physiological variables in gram-negative peritonitis in rodents. 390 85

Deficiencies in the immune system that lead to increased morbidity and mortality from infectious complications have been well documented in patients suffering from trauma, malnutrition, sepsis, and thermal injuries. We investigated the potential benefit of immune stimulation for preventing infection in such conditions in an animal model by evaluating three drugs: Corynebacterium parvum, thymopentin (TP-5), and CP-46,665. One-hundred eighty female guinea pigs were rendered immunodeficient by first inflicting a 30% total body surface burn and then placing the animals on diets with calories inadequate to maintain body weight. One half of the animals were then given one of the three immunomodulators on the first, third, and fifth days after burn injury, to try to reverse immunodeficiency. The remaining animals received saline solution injections. Animal responses were evaluated by inserting a clot containing Escherichia coli and Bacillus fragilis into their peritoneal cavity 6 days after burn injury. The animals were followed for 21 days after burn injury. Autopsies on those that died revealed peritonitis and/or pneumonia; autopsies on these that survived showed no pneumonia and there was consistent resolution of peritonitis. TP-5 and CP-46,665, but not C. parvum, significantly improved survival rates and mean survival time in those animals receiving 100 kcal/kg/day. TP-5 and CP-46,665 may be of benefit to the severely stressed, malnourished surgical patient who is at risk of bacterial infection.
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PMID:Immunomodulators in the treatment of peritonitis in burned and malnourished animals. 637 60

Delayed hypersensitivity skin testing was performed in 129 critically ill patients. Six intradermal antigens were used: tuberculin, candidin, varidase, epidermophytin, trichophytin and CCB (a polyvalent microbial vaccine from the Pasteur Institute). The response was judged as positive when one test or more were positive. Patients were devided in four groups: group A (40 cases): non-infected patients, a priori without immunodeficiency; group B (14 cases); suspected of immunodeficiency (cancers, hemopathies, collagen diseases receiving corticosteroids); group C (24 cases): decompensated chronic respiratory insufficienceis; group D (50 cases): overwhelming sepsis (septicaemias, septic acute respiratory distress syndromes, thoracic empyemas, purulent meningitis, peritonitis, mediastinitis). A significant diminution of delayed hypersensitivity was observed in groups B, C and D. No relation was found between delayed hypertensitivity and prognosis in groups C and D.
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PMID:[Cell-mediated immunity study by skin testing in 129 critically ill patients (author's transl)]. 698 93

From 1974 to 1994, 504 isolates of Prevotella and Porphyromonas spp. were obtained from 435 (21%) of 2033 specimens from 418 children. They included 160 (32%) Pr. melaninogenica, 105 (21%) Pr. intermedia, 84 (17%) P. asaccharolytica, 58 (12%) Pr. orisbuccae, and 58 (12%) Pr. oralis. Most Prevotella and Porphyromonas spp. were isolated from abscesses (176), pulmonary infections (85), ear infections (82), wound infections (44), peritonitis (38), paronychia (15) and chronic sinusitis (14). Predisposing conditions were noted in 111 (27%) of the cases; these included previous surgery in 41 (10%), foreign body in 36 (9%), neurological deficiencies in 29 (7%), immunodeficiency in 21 (5%), steroid therapy in 12 (4%), diabetes in 8 (2%) and malignancy in 7 (2%). Prevotella and Porphyromonas spp. were the only isolates in 14 (3%) patients, and mixed infection was encountered in 404 (97%). The micro-organisms most commonly isolated with Prevotella and Porphyromonas spp. were anaerobic cocci (393 isolates), Fusobacterium spp. (108), Bacteroides spp. (B. fragilis group) (95), Escherichia coli (56) and other gram-negative anaerobic bacilli (52). Most Bacteroides spp. and E. coli were isolated from intra-abdominal infections and skin and soft tissue infections around the rectal area, whereas most Fusobacterium spp. were isolated from oropharyngeal, pulmonary and head and neck sites. beta-Lactamase production was detected in 191 (38%) Prevotella and Porphyromonas isolates from all body sites. All patients received antimicrobial therapy, and surgical drainage was performed in 173 (41%) cases. Four patients died from their infection. These data illustrate the spectrum and importance of Prevotella and Porphyromonas spp. in infections in children.
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PMID:Prevotella and Porphyromonas infections in children. 775 13

Many patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and abdominal pain are evaluated by the surgeon, and the majority have gastroenteritis, which can be treated with specific antimicrobials. There are some, however, who need more extensive investigation or who have an intra-abdominal infective process that requires surgical treatment. The one and a half decades of experience with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and AIDS has defined the role of the surgeon in treating patients with HIV. Major infective processes that may require surgical involvement include cytomegalovirus infection of the intestinal tract; appendicitis, which may be due to opportunistic infections; spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; cholecystitis; and obstructive jaundice with underlying sclerosis of the biliary tree. Early diagnosis and prompt surgical treatment are critical in the management of HIV-infected patients. For example, cytomegalovirus affecting the gastrointestinal tract may lead to perforation with the development of generalized fecal peritonitis; the clinical presentation of acute appendicitis in HIV patients may not include the usual rise in white blood cell count; and bacterial peritonitis in patients with AIDS may be caused by opportunistic pathogens or, as in the classical case, a single gram-negative bacillus or pneumococcus. This review article focuses on intra-abdominal infections in patients with HIV and AIDS.
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PMID:Surgical infections in AIDS patients. 775 66

A survey of the isolation of Clostridium spp. from 1543 specimens sent to anaerobic microbiology laboratories revealed 113 isolates from 107 specimens (7.0% of all specimens) from 96 children. The isolates comprised 43 (38%) unidentified Clostridium spp., 37 (33%) C. perfringens, 13 (12%) C. ramosum, five (4%) C. innocuum, six (5%) C. botulinum, three (3%) C. difficile, two (2%) C. butyricum, and one isolate each of C. bifermentans, C. clostridiiforme, C. limosum and C. paraputrificum. Most clostridial isolates were from abscesses (38), peritonitis (26), bacteraemia (10), and chronic otitis media (7). Predisposing or underlying conditions were present in 31 (32%) cases. These were immunodeficiency (12), malignancy (9), diabetes (7), trauma (7), presence of a foreign body (6) and previous surgery (6). The clostridia were the only bacterial isolates in 14 (15%) cases; 82 (85%) cases had mixed infection. The species most commonly isolated with clostridia were anaerobic cocci (57); Bacteroides spp. (B. fragilis group) (50), Escherichia coli (22), pigmented Prevotella or Porphyromonas spp. (18) and Fusobacterium spp. (10). Most Bacteroides and Escherichia coli isolates with clostridia were from abdominal infections and skin and soft tissue infections adjacent to the rectal area; most pigmented Prevotella and Porphyromonas isolates were from oropharyngeal, pulmonary, and head and neck sites. Antimicrobial therapy was given to all patients, in conjunction with surgical drainage in 34 (35%). Only two patients died. These data illustrate the importance of Clostridium spp. in paediatric infections.
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PMID:Clostridial infection in children. 786 51


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