Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0031099 (periodontitis)
 12,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory gingivitis and periodontitis. To further study the role of PMNs in mediating gingival injury, we cocultured these cells in vitro with monolayers of human gingival epithelial cells. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the epithelial cells were homogeneous and SDS-PAGE/immunoblot analysis identified the presence of keratins K3, K13 and the K6/16 pair which authenticated the oral origin of the cells. Injury to the gingival cells was determined by scanning electron microscopy and measurement of cell detachment and cytolysis. Unstimulated PMNs produced minimal lysis or detachment, but PMNs stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate produced marked epithelial cell detachment without lysis, which was time- and PMN-dose-dependent. Supernatants of activated PMNs were similarly effective, indicating that the mediator was a stable soluble substance. Elastase and cathepsin G, two neutral proteases of PMN origin, produced time- and concentration-dependent detachment of gingival epithelial cells, suggesting that these enzymes may mediate this form of injury. In other studies, gingival epithelial cells were exposed to PMN myeloperoxidase (MPO), chloride and glucose plus glucose oxidase (GO) as a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generating system. The toxic oxygen species produced by this system caused lysis of the epithelial targets which was dependent on the duration of incubation and the concentrations of MPO and GO. Azide, an inhibitor of MPO, and catalase, a scavenger of H2O2, inhibited the lytic activity of this system. Scanning electron micrographs of gingival epithelial cells cocultured with activated PMNs showed lifting of the cells from the plating surface, while target cells attacked by the MPO system revealed extensive damage of cell membranes. These studies indicate that activated PMNs cause nonlytic detachment injury to gingival epithelial cells which may be mediated by digestion of their extracellular matrix by granule neutral proteases. Furthermore, PMN MPO is capable of generating toxic oxygen species which can lyse these epithelial cells. Collectively, these actions could have profound adverse effects on the function and integrity of the gingival epithelium.
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PMID:Neutrophil-mediated damage to human gingival epithelial cells. 131 Oct 41

The activity of some glycosidases, trypsin-like proteinases, peroxidase, inhibitors of beta-glucuronidase and trypsin-like proteinases, as well as the amount of thiocyanates were studied in mixed saliva (MS), dental deposit (DD) and gums (G) of patients with inflammation of the periodontium. In periodontitis the activity of beta-glucuronidase increases fourfold and that of beta-galactosidase doubles in the G; the activity of beta-glucuronidase and its inhibitors increases, the activity of proteinases diminishes, and the antitryptic activity increases in MS, the activity of peroxidase and the amount of thiocyanates change in this case. Along with the peroxidase-H2O2-thiocyanates system, the inhibitors of beta-glucuronidase and trypsin-like proteinases possess properties of unspecific protection, preventing destruction of the periodontal tissues by glycosides and proteinases of microbial and animal origin.
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PMID:[Enzymatic protective systems of saliva in inflammation of the periodontium]. 205 29

Hydrogen peroxide in 3 various kind of applications were used for 3 weeks to treat gingivitis and periodontitis: 3% for mouth rinsing, 3 X daily (treatment at home, not clinical controlled), 3% for pocket washing (clinical controlled) and as Gingivox-strip (10%) 3 X weekly (clinical controlled). The therapeutical success of the 3 tested modifications of application was uniformity, on gingivitis better than on periodontitis. In spite of change for the worse of clinical condition after termination of therapy the first level of inflammation was after 24 weeks yet not reached.
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PMID:[Clinical test of various oral applications of hydrogen peroxide]. 263 83

We studied the association between post-treatment periodontal disease activity and subgingival Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides intermedius, spirochetes and motile rods. 20 adults, 22-62 years, with moderate-to-severe periodontitis participated in a split-mouth treatment study. All individual quadrants received supragingival cleaning and in addition, subgingival scaling and a NaHCO3-NaCl-H2O2 slurry, subgingival scaling alone, slurry alone, or no subgingival treatment. Post-treatment periodontal disease status was determined over a period of 12 months by changes in probing periodontal pocket depth and probing periodontal attachment level. Subgingival specimens obtained by paper point-sampling were evaluated for B. gingivalis and B. intermedius using indirect immunofluorescence and for spirochetes and motile rods using bright light phase contrast microscopy. A total of 142 periodontitis lesions representing all 4 quadrants of the 20 subjects were studied. The relationship between clinical data and bacteria was analyzed using logistic regression. The probability of the study organisms being present in subgingival sites at 3 to 6 months after treatment increased with increased residual pocket depth. The presence of B. gingivalis showed a strong positive association (p less than 0.004) with loss of periodontal attachment. A significant association was also found for spirochetes (p less than 0.008) but not for motile rods (p greater than 0.35) or B. intermedius (p greater than 0.13). Similar results were obtained at 12 months after therapy, except that the presence of motile rods was significantly associated with loss of periodontal attachment (p less than 0.03). Caution must be exercised when using B. gingivalis or spirochetes to evaluate treatment efficacy. If the presence of these organisms was utilized to indicate progressing periodontitis, many active lesions could be identified, and only 1 to 17% and 13 to 43% of sites in remission at 3-6 months after therapy would be expected to harbor B. gingivalis and spirochetes, respectively. The consequences of treating periodontal sites in remission would mainly be limited to cost and inconvenience. However, since several active periodontitis lesions did not reveal the organisms, treatment decisions based solely on the absence of the organisms may result in the omission of needed therapy. As a practical consideration, periodontal treatment should be continued as long as B. gingivalis and maybe spirochetes are detectable in the subgingival microflora. In the absence of these organisms, and until additional periodontal pathogens have become known, the decision to continue or conclude periodontal therapy must b
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PMID:Relationship between some subgingival bacteria and periodontal pocket depth and gain or loss of periodontal attachment after treatment of adult periodontitis. 386 May 17

Both qualitative and quantitative neutrophil abnormalities have been associated with severe forms of periodontitis. Defects in chemotaxis, phagocytosis and bacterial killing have been reported among both peripheral blood and gingival neutrophils harvested from patients with juvenile and rapidly progressive periodontitis. Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood (CGD) is a rare, inherited disorder associated with the occurrence of severe, life-threatening, suppurative infections of skin, liver, lymph nodes and other organs. Neutrophils and monocytes from individuals with CGD lack enzymes necessary for the production of oxygen reduction/products such as H2O2 and superoxide anion, and therefore are unable to kill many species of bacteria and fungi. However, no detailed study of the periodontium of these patients has been undertaken. Accordingly, five patients whose ages ranged from 17 to 32 years were included in this study. An additional (sixth) patient was included based on complete dental records. Neutrophils from all patients demonstrated defective O2 metabolism, and all patients had histories of chronic recurrent abscesses consistent with CGD. All patients were receiving antibiotic prophylaxis. Several patients had ulcerative lesions of the oral cavity of unknown etiology. Examination of the periodontium revealed that three patients had gingivitis, one had localized early periodontitis, and one had generalized early-to-moderate periodontitis. The severity of periodontal disease was consistent with patient age and local etiologic factors. No patients had evidence of juvenile, severe or rapidly-progressing disease in spite of their leukocyte defects. These findings suggest the following possibilities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Phagocytic cells in periodontal defense. Periodontal status of patients with chronic granulomatous disease of childhood. 386 11

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are the most abundant immune cells in inflammatory gingival sites of patients with early onset periodontitis, localized juvenile periodontitis, and rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP). In the latter, the large number of PMN in connective tissue may explain the marked gingival destruction. Because interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a potent PMN chemoattractant, we evaluated circulating levels and gingival mRNA expression of IL-8. We found high IL-8 plasma levels as well as strong IL-8 mRNA expression in both epithelial and connective gingival cells from patients with RPP. Moreover, the gingival PMN themselves contained IL-8 mRNA, suggesting an autoamplification of PMN recruitment and activation in the gingiva. We also measured the expression of adhesion molecules at the PMN surface as well as the oxidative burst in whole blood from 14 patients with RPP, using flow cytometry to avoid irrelevant stimulations and to analyze single cells. In RPP patients, resting PMN showed reduced L-selectin, Lewis x, and sialyl Lewis x antigen expression as well as increased H2O2 production. These modifications of PMN adhesion molecule expression, together with their increased basal oxidative burst and excessive IL-8 production, may contribute to the noxious inflammatory reaction, which may in turn be autopotentiated by PMN production of IL-8. In addition, PMN showed a lack of increased response (H2O2 production) to formyl peptides after ex vivo priming with IL-8, possibly owing to IL-8 desensitization that may be involved in the increased susceptibility of RPP patients to infection. After appropriate treatment of RPP, the reduction in inflammation was associated with a return to control levels of both plasma IL-8 and PMN functions, suggesting that these features are linked.
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PMID:Interleukin-8 production by polymorphonuclear neutrophils in patients with rapidly progressive periodontitis: an amplifying loop of polymorphonuclear neutrophil activation. 964 66

We have earlier reported a higher Fcgamma-receptor (FcgammaR)-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species, measured as luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) from peripheral neutrophils in adult periodontitis patients. The aims of this study were to confirm our previous results and to elucidate the mechanism of this phenomenon by measuring CL in parallel with the intracellular production of hydrogen peroxide, after stimulation with opsonized bacteria. To determine whether the higher CL was associated with altered responsiveness to priming, the cells were preincubated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). While CL was significantly higher in subjects with periodontitis, there was no difference in hydrogen peroxide production between the patients and the controls, indicating that the hyperreactivity is related to the generation of other oxygen species than H2O2 and/or to processes in the outer cell membrane. The responsiveness to priming with LPS on CL was slightly but not significantly higher in the periodontitis group, suggesting that priming could be of value for distinguishing subjects with periodontitis. When assaying intracellular production of H2O2, TNFalpha and LPS had both a priming and an activating effect. There were no significant differences between the two groups. In conclusion, this study shows a higher FcgammaR-mediated CL of peripheral neutrophils from adult patients with periodontitis, thus confirming our earlier results. The hyperreactivity seems to be related to the outer cell membrane or to oxygen species other than H2O2.
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PMID:Hyper-reactive peripheral neutrophils in adult periodontitis: generation of chemiluminescence and intracellular hydrogen peroxide after in vitro priming and FcgammaR-stimulation. 965 Aug 76

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative bacterium which has an important role in localized juvenile and in progressive periodontitis. It is sensitive to killing by the myeloperoxidase (MP)-hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-chloride system which is part of the innate host defense mediated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Since it has been recently suggested that thiocyanate, instead of chloride, could serve as a main substrate for MP as for lactoperoxidase (LP) and salivary peroxidase, we investigated in this study the effect of both LP and MP systems on A. actinomycetemcomitans with different (pseudo)halide substrates, thiocyanate, chloride and iodide. The concentrations of the substrates were physiological for oral fluids, as was the concentration range of H2O2. Both peroxidases produced end products with identical antibacterial activity with thiocyanate and iodide. The oxidation of iodide resulted in the highest antimicrobial efficiency followed by chloride and thiocyanate. Addition of thiocyanate into either MP-H2O2-chloride or MP/LP-H2O2-iodide system abolished the bactericidal activity of the oxidized halide. However, the chloride did not affect the bactericidality of the MP-H2O2-iodide system, but when all 3 (pseudo)halide substrates were present no antimicrobial effect was recorded. Our study shows that the presence of thiocyanate in physiological amounts is able to prevent the bactericidal activity of halide-peroxidase systems in low H2O2 concentrations. These results explain why thiocyanate-peroxidase systems of either innate origin (saliva, crevicular fluid) or introduced by commercial oral hygiene products are most probably ineffective against A. actinomycetemcomitans in vivo. Further studies of halide/thiocyanate ratio are needed to develop products which are also effective against oral anaerobes.
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PMID:The effects of different (pseudo)halide substrates on peroxidase-mediated killing of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. 984 7

Forty-four teeth in 38 patients, diagnosed with chronic apical periodontitis, were endodontically treated. Root canals were shaped using a step-back technique with 5% NaOCl and 3% H2O2 as irrigants. In half of the teeth the canal terminus was irradiated with pulsed Nd:YAG laser (1 W, 15 pps, 1 s). All canals were then obturated with laterally condensed gutta-percha points and sealer, and final radiographs were obtained. Occurrence of spontaneous pain was recorded 1 day after treatment. Percussion pain was recorded after 1 week, and then at 3 and 6 months after treatment. Radiographic follow-up was performed at 3 and 6 months. Percussion pain was significantly less (P < 0.05) in the laser-treated group than in the control group, both 1 week and 3 months after treatment. Other differences between the groups were not significant. These results suggested that the clinical application of pulsed Nd:YAG laser might be advantageous for the treatment of infected root canals.
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PMID:Post-operative symptoms and healing after endodontic treatment of infected teeth using pulsed Nd:YAG laser. 1037 75

We used flow cytometry to analyze the expression of adhesion molecules and the oxidative burst of whole-blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) from 26 patients with periodontitis. Three different clinical entities were studied: adult periodontitis (AP), localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP), and rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP). Unstimulated PMN from the patients showed reduced Lewis x, sialyl-Lewis x, and L-selectin expression relative to those from healthy control subjects. These alterations were present whatever the severity of periodontal disease. However, PMN from RPP patients showed increased basal H2O2 production and decreased L-selectin shedding. These latter impairments, which correlated with increased IL-8 plasma levels, could contribute to initial vascular damage. In addition, decreased IL-8 priming of H2O2 production by PMN from RPP patients could account for a lower bactericidal capacity of PMN, leading to the large number of bacteria in the subgingival region of RPP patients. Soluble L-selectin plasma levels were also decreased in the RPP group, indicating more severe or diffuse endothelial damage. These abnormalities were not found in the patients with less destructive forms of periodontitis (AP and LJP). Porphyromonas gingivalis, a bacterial pathogen known to increase IL-8 production by PMN, was found in the periodontal pockets of RPP patients only. These results show links among PMN abnormalities, the clinical form of periodontitis, and the gingival bacterial flora.
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PMID:Neutrophil dysfunctions, IL-8, and soluble L-selectin plasma levels in rapidly progressive versus adult and localized juvenile periodontitis: variations according to disease severity and microbial flora. 1052 6


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