Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0031099 (periodontitis)
 12,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Indirect evidence suggests that immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) proteases may be factors in the pathogenesis of certain infectious diseases, including meningitis, gonorrhoea, and destructive periodontitis. Bacterial IgA1 proteases are therefore potential candidates as vaccines. In this study, IgA1 proteases from 166 clinical isolates and reference strains of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus aegyptius were compared with regard to specific activity and pattern of enzyme inhibition by antisera raised against IgA1 protease from nine selected strains of H. influenzae. A total of 93% of H. influenzae strains and all H. aegyptius strains had detectable IgA1 protease activity. The majority of strains cleaved a prolyl-seryl or a prolyl-threonyl peptide bond in the alpha 1 hinge region, whereas occasional H. influenzae strains possessed two separate IgA1 proteases with these two specific activities. Of the 155 IgA1 protease-producing strains, all except 12 could be assigned to one of 14 IgA1 protease "inhibition types," each defined by a characteristic pattern of inhibition by the nine antisera. There was no correlation between IgA1 protease type and biotype of the strains. However, among 92 encapsulated H. influenzae strains, a close correlation between capsular serotype and IgA1 protease type was observed. With the exception of serotype f, strains of all capsular serotypes produced an exclusive antigenic type of IgA1 protease. All 38 strains of serotype b produced IgA1 protease of inhibition type 1, which was never demonstrated in non-encapsulated H. influenzae strains. These results facilitate the detection of an antibody response against specific IgA1 proteases and are of practical value for a possible future vaccine against H. influenzae serotype b infections.
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PMID:Antigenic heterogeneity of immunoglobulin A1 proteases from encapsulated and non-encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae. 619 13

SALIVA COLLECTION: Whole saliva is a product of secretion of 3 major glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual) and many minor glands (labial, buccal, palatal). Unstimulated saliva is usually obtained as the patient spits out every 60 sec. or by forward bended head the patient allows saliva to drip off the lower lip into a cylinder. By collection of saliva in the tube the flow rate per unit time can be measured. When volume measurement is not required the saliva can be collected on cotton rolls, gauze or filter paper. For evaluating salivary gland function or when large volumes of saliva are required for analytic purposes, stimulated whole saliva is used. Method of collection is the same as for unstimulated saliva. The usual masticatory stimuli are paraffin wax or a washed rubber band. A standard gustatory stimulus is obtained by 2% citric acid applied directly to the tongue every 15 to 60 sec. Parotid saliva can be collected by aspiration from the duct opening with a micropipette. Parotid saliva is best collected with Lashley's vacuum chamber. Submandibular and sublingual saliva can be collected by cannulation of the duct with micropipette, but in practice this is both uncomfortable for the patients and technically difficult since the duct orifice is mobile and has a strong sphincter. Because of that, alginate and silicone impression material is used for retention of the collecting tube. As alternative and simple technique is to block off secretion from the parotid glands with absorbent swabs and collect mixed submandibular and sublingual saliva by pipette from the floor of the mouth. Saliva from labial and palatal glands can be collected by filter paper disc or disc of other synthetic materials. SALIVARY IMMUNOGLOBULIN A: The most significant characteristics of the salivary immunoglobulin system are quantitative domination of immunoglobulin A, local synthesis and specific structure. Immunofluorescence studies have shown that immunoglobulin A is produced by plasma cells locally in the salivary glands. There is still little convincing evidence for the origin of predominantly immunoglobulin A secreting plasma cells in salivary glands. DETECTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN A IN SALIVA: Radial immunodiffusion (RID) was the most applicable method for detecting salivary immunoglobulin A. However, there are more sensitive and automatic methods such as nephelometry and ELISA. A standard level of immunoglobulin in saliva is still in question since the concentration varies in relation to origin of saliva, method of collection and stimulation of secretion (Table 1). PERIODONTAL DISEASE: Studies of the salivary immunoglobulin A in patients with periodontal disease and healthy persons showed that there are differences which can be used in detection of high-risk groups and individuals. If the bacterial adherence to the mucosa is a prerequisite for bacterial evolution in subgingival or any other region of the oral cavity respectively introduction in periodontitis development, than it is to be presumed that the basic function of salivary immunoglobulin A is inhibition of bacterial adherence rather than antigens destruction. Several bacterial species frequently isolated from the oral cavity of patients with periodontitis have been identified as producers of IgA protease. These enzymes cleave serum IgA and secretory IgA equally well. Additionally, most of the IgA proteases studied have cleaved the A1 and A2 subclass. Several studies have demonstrated that cleavage of human IgA occurs in vivo, resulting in generation of intact Fab alpha and (Fc alpha)2 fragment. Moreover, when bacteria are exposed to Fab alpha fragments released from IgA after cleavage by IgA protease, their surface antigens are likely to be occupied by Fab alpha fragments. These Fab alpha fragments left on the bacterial surface may mediate adhesion. Together, these results indicate that IgA proteases, by promoting adherence, contribute the pathogenic potential of bacteria in the oral c
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PMID:[Clinical significance of analysis of immunoglobulin A levels in saliva]. 1096 82

Microbial spectrum and non-specific as well as specific IgA1 protease activity of isolated microorganisms were investigated in gingival liquid of patients with periodontitis. Microorganisms from the gingival liqud of these patients belonged to conditional-pathogenic obligate and facultatively anaerobic bacteria. 24 strains of microorganisms have been identified. Nonspecific proteolytic activity was found in the following microorganisms: Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces naeslundii, Aerococcus viridans, Bifidobacterium longum, Neisseria subflave, Streptococcus parvulus, Eubacterium alactolyticum, Lactobaccilus catenoforme, Bacillus spp. Specific IgA1-protease activity and lack of proteolytic activity towards IgG was found in Streptococcus acidominimus, Streptococcus hansenii, Streptococcus salivarius, Leptotrychia buccalis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Neisseria sicca. No proteolytic activity was found in cultivation medium of Eubacterium alactolyticum (1 strain), Prevotella buccalis, Aerococcus viridans and Streptococcus sanguis.
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PMID:[Protease activity of microflora in the oral cavity of patients with periodontitis]. 1920 30