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Query: UMLS:C0030794 (pelvic pain)
 4,056 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a syndrome of bladder hypersensitivity with symptoms of urgency, frequency, and chronic pelvic pain. Although no consensus has been reached on the underlying cause of IC, several pathophysiologic mechanisms, including epithelial dysfunction, mast cell activation, and neurogenic inflammation, have been proposed. Despite multiple different causes of urinary cystitis, the bladder's response to cystitis is limited and typical. Animal experiments have shown upregulation of proteinase-activated receptors, tryptase, beta-nerve growth factor, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nuclear transcription factor-kappaB, c-Fos, phosphodiesterase 1C, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase, and proenkephalin B. After the noxious stimulus has abated, downregulation of genes appears to follow. Distention of the bladder results in the release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from urothelial cells, which activates purinergic P2X3 receptors. Activation by ATP of P2X3-expressing afferents is a fundamental signaling factor in bladder sensation and appears to play a role in bladder reflexes. Fos proteins present in spinal cord neurons have been shown to be upregulated in animals that have undergone cyclophosphamide-induced chemical cystitis. These and other findings suggest that neural upregulation occurs both peripherally and centrally in subjects with chronic cystitis. It is unclear whether neural mechanisms and inflammation are the cause of IC or the result of other initiating events. Neural upregulation is known to play a role in the chronicity of pain, urgency, and frequency and represents an exciting area of research that may lead to additional treatments and a better understanding of IC.
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PMID:Neural upregulation in interstitial cystitis. 1746 76

In our clinic, we examined and treated a total of 32 women presenting with small-pelvis varicosis (SPV) and suffering from chronic pelvic pain appearing after prolonged static loads and physical activity, dysuric impairments, dyspareunia, and painful hypermenorrhoea. A Doppler ultrasonographic study and phlebography revealed SPV in them too. Appropriate treatment was carried out in a differentiated manner depending upon the stage of the disease and degree of clinical manifestations. Eighteen women with stage 1-2a SPV underwent comprehensive conservative treatment including venotropic preparations, microcirculation-improving agents, drugs influencing systemic enzymopathy, and physiotherapy. The remaining 14 women with stage 2b-3 SPV were subjected to roentgenovascular occlusion of the ovarian veins by means of sclerosing agents and Guianturco-type metal spirals. At 2-3 months after conservative and surgical treatment. 23 patients (72%) reported disappearance of pelvic pain; five women (16 %) were found to have their pain subdued; in four subjects (12.5%) pain did not disappear. During a 4-year period after treatment, 27 women (84%) had reportedly no dysuric events, five women (16%) at 2-2.5 years after treatment appeared to have developed exacerbations of chronic cystitis, two patients (6%) turned out to have periodically (2-3 times a year) been experiencing frequent painful urination. Besides, we carried out a morphological examination of the urinary-bladder walls on the post-mortem materials from 15 (unrelated) cases of accidental death, having revealed varisosis of the small pelvis. The findings obtained therein also strongly suggested that lingering impairment of the venous outflow from the small pelvis had led to development of a chronic inflammatory process in the urinary-bladder wall.
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PMID:[A differentiated approach to management of small-pelvis varicosis in women]. 1838 98

The results of the examination and treatment of 16 patients aged from 26 to 46 years with persistent urinary disorders and chronic pelvic pain due to severe pelvic varicose veins are presented. Using ultrasound with color Doppler mapping and venography of renal and ovarian vein for evaluation of condition of the venous system of the pelvis, the significant dilation of the internal iliac, ovarian and uterine veins with a pronounced decrease in blood flow in veins up to the stasis of blood, accompanied by flow turbulence and powerful backflow of renal blood through ovarian veins were found in all patients. According to uroflowmetry, there was a decrease in detrusor tone and a violation of evacuation capacity of the bladder. Evaluation of microcirculation using LDF allowed to diagnose congestive hemodynamic type of microcirculation. Scleroembolization for varicose ovarian vein with Gianturco coil and ethoxysclerol was performed in all patients. Positive therapeutic effect in the form of eliminating varicose pelvic veins, pain relieve, disappearance of persistent dysuria, and the remission of chronic cystitis was achieved in 86% of women. This intervention provided the normal outflow of blood from the pelvic veins, contributed to the normalization of uroflowmetry data and restoration of normal microcirculation in the urinary bladder.
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PMID:[Endovascular treatment of persistent dysuria and chronic pelvic pain in women with pelvic varicose veins]. 2311 17

We determined the effect of intravesical instillation of pentosan polysulfate encapsulated in liposomes for refractory interstitial cystitis patients. This was an open label uncontrolled study. Subjects were recruited from a private urology practice. Inclusion criteria included patients who met NIDDK criteria for Interstitial Cystitis (IC) and who were responding poorly to conventional treatments. Exclusion criteria included evidence of a urinary tract infection, bladder cancer, or other forms of chronic cystitis. Patients received 400 mg of Pentosan Polysulfate (PP) encapsulated into liposomes as an intravesical instillation performed every 2 weeks for 3 months. Baseline and post treatment outcome measures were obtained that included the O'Leary-Sant Interstitial Cystitis Symptom and Problem Questionnaire and the Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency Patient symptom Scale tests. A total of 37 instillations were used and no adverse events occurred. Clinically significant decreases in symptom scores greater than 50% were seen in virtually all outcome measures at 3 month follow up. All subjects reported remarkable subjective improvement in pain symptoms marked by decreased use of narcotics and increased enjoyment of daily activities. No patients developed systemic symptoms or poor tolerance of the instillations. Intravesical Pentosan Polysulfate encapsulated into liposomes can significantly decrease frequency, urgency, pain and improve quality of life for two months after deployment. Additional studies are needed to determine cellular effects of glycosaminoglycan restoration, ideal doses, dosing intervals, safety and cost-effectiveness of this therapy.
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PMID:Intravesical instillation of pentosan polysulfate encapsulated in a liposome nanocarrier for interstitial cystitis. 2537 16

Comprehensive clinical and morphological examination of 60 female patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome after combined chronic cystitis and adenomyosis was carried out. In all patients, the complex urodynamic examination revealed various disturbances of urination and stasis-like abnormalities of circulation in vesical and uterine walls. The pathomorphological peculiarities of the urogenital disorders during combination of adenomyosis and cystitis (of the combined proliferative and erosive/destructive type) is manifested by more pronounced destructive and inflammatory changes in urothelium characterized by the formation of superficial and deep erosions as well as by association of erosive/destructive damages to the urothelium with proliferative and metaplastic changes. Combined treatment of chronic cystitides and adenomyosis eliminated the destructive and inflammatory alterations in the vesical mucosa in 70 and 93% female patients, respectively (the corresponding values after basic therapy were 60 and 77%), and pronouncedly ameliorated pain syndrome.
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PMID:Structural and Functional Basis of Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome during Combined Chronic Cystitis and Adenomyosis. 2589 91

Encrusted cystitis (EC) was first described as chronic cystitis with mucosal calcification in 1914 (1). It is a very rare chronic inflammatory disease presenting with dysuria, pelvic pain and gross hematuria. Voided urine contains mucus or calcified mucopurulent stone like particles. Urinalysis always reveals alkaline pH. It may be present in healthy individuals with no predisposing etiological factors (2-4). Etiologically, previous urological diseases, immunosuppression, urinary infection with urea splitting bacteria, or urological interventions resulting in bladder mucosa trauma may also be present (5, 6). In the present case report, we describe a novel treatment for EC with intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide.
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PMID:Encrusted cystitis caused by corynebacterium urealyticum: a case report with novel treatment strategy of intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide. 2969 35

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a type of chronic bladder inflammation characterized by increased voiding frequency, urgency and pelvic pain. The sensitization of bladder afferents is widely regarded as one of the pathophysiological changes in the development of IC/BPS. There is evidence that adenosine A2a receptors are involved in regulating the sensitization of sensory afferents. However, the effect of adenosine A2a receptors on cystitis remains unknown. In the present study, a rat model of chronic cystitis was established by intraperitoneal injection with cyclophosphamide (CYP). Cystometry and behavioral tests were performed to investigate bladder micturition function and nociceptive pain. The rats with chronic cystitis showed symptoms of bladder overactivity, characterized by an increase in bladder voiding frequency and voiding pressure. CYP treatment significantly increased the expression of the A2a receptor in bladder afferent fibers and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The A2a receptor antagonist ZM241385 prevented bladder overactivity and hyperalgesia elicited by CYP-induced cystitis. In addition, the A2a receptor and TRPV1 were coexpressed on DRG neurons. The TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine blocked bladder overactivity induced by the A2a receptor agonist CGS21680. In contrast, ZM241385 significantly inhibited the capsaicin-induced increase in intracellular calcium concentration in DRG neurons. These results suggest that suppression of adenosine A2a receptors in bladder afferents alleviates bladder overactivity and hyperalgesia elicited by CYP-induced cystitis in rats by inhibiting TRPV1, indicating that the adenosine A2a receptor in bladder afferents is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of IC/BPS.
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PMID:Suppression of adenosine A2a receptors alleviates bladder overactivity and hyperalgesia in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis by inhibiting TRPV1. 3318 75