Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0030567 (Parkinson's disease)
 63,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Platelets show similarities with 5-hydroxytryptaminergic neurons with respect to (1) uptake kinetics of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) at the plasma membrane, (2) inhibitory effects of tricyclic antidepressants and neuroleptics on 5-HT uptake, (3) granular storage of 5-HT and possibly catecholamines, (4) action of drugs interfering with granular and possibly extragranular amine storage and (5) reaction of the 5-HT receptor at the plasma membrane to 5-HT agonists and antagonists. Dissimilarities include (1) the uptake of catecholamines at the plasma membrane, (2) the biosynthesis of biogenic amines (absent in platelets, present in neurons) and (3) the turnover of 5-HT (slow or absent in platelets, fast in neurons). Although the above mentioned similarities are not absolute, platelets may be considered as reasonable models for some functions of 5-hydroxytryptaminergic neurons e.g. 5-HT uptake at the plasma membrane, intracellular storage of monoamines and reactions of 5-HT receptors to drugs. In addition, the shape change reaction of platelets can probably be used to identify those basic proteins and polypeptides which cause neuronal depolarization. The significance of disturbances of the monoamine system of platelets in neuropsychiatric disorders including Parkinson's syndrome is not yet clear in all respects. Therefore, some of the current ideas about the validity of platelets as models for neurons will be briefly reviewed in this article.
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PMID:Blood platelets as models for neurons: uses and limitations. 693 24

Like idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD), Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is characterized, inter alia, by a pronounced non-overlapping loss of dopamine (DA) in caudate, putamen and substantia nigra. Unlike iPD, in PSP the striatal DA loss is more severe in the caudate than in the putamen; this may contribute to the higher frequency of cognitive deficits in PSP. In contrast to iPD, in patients with PSP the serotonin (5-HT) levels in the basal ganglia are not significantly reduced, thus resulting in a relative predominance of the inhibitory serotonergic influences on the motor behaviour in these patients. It is suggested that combination of levodopa with a 5-HT receptor blocker may substantially improve the (poor) responsiveness of patients with PSP to DA substitution therapy.
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PMID:Brain monoamines in progressive supranuclear palsy--comparison with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. 796 89

Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were chronically treated with the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) until stable parkinsonism was reached. Two months later, monkeys were sacrificed and monoamine content was measured in different brain regions of the lesioned monkeys and of age-matched controls. 5-HT(1A) serotonin receptor density was measured in coronal sections labeled with [(3)H]8-OH-DPAT. As expected, dopamine was virtually nonexistent in the caudate nucleus and putamen of MPTP-treated monkeys. Serotonin levels were significantly reduced in different brain regions, particularly in the raphe nuclei. 5-HT(1A) receptor density of control animals was high in the hippocampus, notably in the CA1 field and also in the raphe nuclei, and much lower in the striatum, where 5-HT(1A) receptors showed a patchy distribution which corresponded to striosomes with poor calbindin immunostaining. 5-HT(1A) receptor density was reduced in hippocampal fields and in the raphe nuclei of parkinsonian monkeys. Conversely, in the severely lesioned striatal nuclei 5-HT(1A) receptor density was increased at caudal levels of the striatum, particularly in the putamen. The results tend to support the possibility of an increased synthesis of 5-HT(1A) receptors in brain regions with higher neuronal cell death. Upregulation of this 5-HT receptor subtype in the limbic compartment of the striatum may represent a compensatory event for the serotonergic dysfunction and associated mental disorders in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease.
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PMID:Serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptor expression is selectively enhanced in the striosomal compartment of chronic parkinsonian monkeys. 1116 78

The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) has a long association with normal functions such as motor control, cognition, and reward, as well as a number of syndromes including drug abuse, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease. Studies show that serotonin (5-HT) acts through several 5-HT receptors in the brain to modulate DA neurons in all 3 major dopaminergic pathways. There are at least fourteen 5-HT receptor subtypes, many of which have been shown to play some role in mediating 5-HT/DA interactions. Several subtypes, including the 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors, act to facilitate DA release, while the 5-HT2C receptor mediates an inhibitory effect of 5-HT on DA release. Most 5-HT receptor subtypes only modulate DA release when 5-HT and/or DA neurons are stimulated, but the 5-HT2C receptor, characterized by high levels of constitutive activity, inhibits tonic as well as evoked DA release. This review summarizes the anatomical evidence for the presence of each 5-HT receptor subtype in dopaminergic regions of the brain and the neuropharmacological evidence demonstrating regulation of each DA pathway. The relevance of 5-HT receptor modulation of DA systems to the development of therapeutics used to treat schizophrenia, depression, and drug abuse is discussed. Lastly, areas are highlighted in which future research would be maximally beneficial to the treatment of these disorders.
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PMID:Pharmacologic mechanisms of serotonergic regulation of dopamine neurotransmission. 1704 11

SKF83959, a recently identified selective agonist of putative phosphoinositide-linked (PI-linked) D(1) dopamine (DA) receptor, is found to elicit excellent anti-parkinsonism effects in monkeys and rodents. In the present study, the effects of SKF83959 on L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia (LID) were assessed in a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD). The results indicated that chronic L-DOPA (6 mg/kg) induced a progressive dyskinesia-like behavior in PD rats, whereas SKF83959 (0.5 mg/kg) elicited significantly less severe dyskinesia while exerts its anti-parkinsonian action effectively. Application of D(1) receptor, but not D(2), alpha or 5-HT receptor antagonist attenuated SKF83959-induced dyskinesia, indicating that a D(1) receptor-mediated events, assumed via PI-linked D(1) receptor. Interestingly, chronic co-administration of SKF83959 significantly reduced LID at no expanse of reduction in the anti-parkinsonian potency in PD rats. However, this anti-dyskinesia effect was not observed while SKF83959 was acutely administered in rats with established LID. This implies that chronic SKF83959 attenuated the development of dyskinesia. Immediate early gene FosB is previously reported to positively associate with dyskinesia. However, we found that the anti-dyskinesia effect of chronic SKF83959 was independent of FosB since SKF83959 produced stronger FosB expression in the lesioned striatum than that of L-DOPA while exerting its anti-dyskinesia action. The present data demonstrated that SKF83959 reduces LID by attenuating the development of dyskinesia; the underlying signaling pathway for the anti-dyskinesia action of SKF83959 appears not to depend on FosB.
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PMID:Chronic SKF83959 induced less severe dyskinesia and attenuated L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. 1755 35

Serotoninergic neurons in the central nervous system impinge on many other neurons and modulate their neurotransmitter release. This review focuses on 1) the function of presynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) heteroreceptors on axon terminals of central cholinergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, or GABAergic neurons and 2) the role of GABAergic interneurons expressing 5-HT heteroreceptors in the regulation of acetylcholine, dopamine, or noradrenaline release. In vitro studies on slices or synaptosomes and in vivo microdialysis experiments have shown that 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(1B), 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2C), 5-HT(3), and/or 5-HT(4) heteroreceptors mediate this modulation. 5-HT(1B) receptors on neocortical cholinergic, striatal dopaminergic, or hippocampal GABAergic axon terminals are examples for release-inhibiting 5-HT heteroreceptors; 5-HT(3) receptors on hippocampal GABAergic or 5-HT(4) receptors on hippocampal cholinergic axon terminals are examples for release-facilitating 5-HT heteroreceptors. GABA released from GABAergic interneurons upon activation of facilitatory 5-HT receptors, e.g., 5-HT(2A) or 5-HT(3) receptors, mediates inhibition of the release of other neurotransmitters such as prefrontal neocortical dopamine or neocortical acetylcholine release, respectively. Conversely, attenuated GABA release in response to activation of inhibitory 5-HT heteroreceptors, e.g., 5-HT(1A) or 5-HT(1B) receptors on GABAergic interneurons is involved in paradoxical facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine and striatal dopamine release, respectively. Such 5-HT heteroreceptors are considered potential targets for appropriate 5-HT receptor ligands which, by enhancing the release of a relevant neurotransmitter, can compensate for its hypothesized deficiency in distinct brain areas. Examples for such deficiencies are the impaired release of hippocampal or neocortical acetylcholine, striatal dopamine, and hippocampal or neocortical noradrenaline in disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and major depression, respectively.
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PMID:5-HT receptor regulation of neurotransmitter release. 1816 Jul 1

In this review, the functional interactions between serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) neuronal systems are discussed with the focus on microdialysis studies in the rodent brain (mainly rats). 5-HT by itself is involved both directly and indirectly via actions on complex neuronal circuitry, in the regulation of DA release through multiple 5-HT receptors, playing a critical role in the development of normal and abnormal behaviours. Recent evidence suggests that dysfunction of dopaminergic and serotoninergic neurotransmitter systems contributes to various disorders including depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease and drug abuse. Here we summarize recent neurochemical works that have extensively explored the role of 5-HT receptors in the control of DA central systems in both basal and drug-induced conditions, using in vivo microdialytic techniques. Several 5-HT receptor subtypes, including the 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(1B), 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(3) and 5-HT(4) receptors, act to facilitate DA release, while the 5-HT(2C) receptor mediates an inhibitory effect of 5-HT on DA release. Taken together, neurochemical approaches using microdialysis can not only contribute to clarification of the physiological role of the serotonergic neuronal systems but may also be a powerful pharmacological approach for the development of therapeutic strategies to the treatment of depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease and drug abuse.
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PMID:Serotonin control of central dopaminergic function: focus on in vivo microdialysis studies. 1877 26

Several recent studies have emphasized a crucial role for the interactions between serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in movement control and the pathophysiology of basal ganglia. These observations are supported by anatomical evidence demonstrating large serotonergic innervation of all the basal ganglia nuclei. In fact, serotonergic terminals have been reported to make synaptic contacts with both substantia nigra dopamine-containing neurons and their terminal areas such as the striatum, the globus pallidus and the subthalamus. These brain areas contain a high concentration of serotonin (5-HT), with the substantia nigra pars reticulata receiving the greatest input. In this chapter, the distribution of different 5-HT receptor subtypes in the basal ganglia nuclei will be described. Furthermore, evidence demonstrating the serotonergic control of basal ganglia activity will be reviewed and the contribution of the different 5-HT receptor subtypes examined. The new avenues that the increasing knowledge of 5-HT in motor control has opened for exploring the pathophysiology and pharmacology of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders will be discussed. It is clear that these avenues will be fruitful, despite the disappointing results so far obtained by clinical studies with selective 5-HT ligands. Nevertheless, these studies have led to a great increase in the attention given to the neurotransmitters of the basal ganglia and their connections.
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PMID:Serotonin modulation of the basal ganglia circuitry: therapeutic implication for Parkinson's disease and other motor disorders. 1877 45

The serotonergic system plays a crucial role in regulating psychoemotional, cognitive and motor functions in the central nervous system (CNS). Among 5-HT receptor subtypes, 5-HT(1A) receptors have long been implicated in the pathogenesis and treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders. 5-HT(1A) receptors function as both presynaptic (autoreceptor) and postsynaptic receptors in specific brain regions such as the limbic areas, septum and raphe nuclei. 5-HT(1A) receptors negatively regulate cAMP-dependent signal transduction and inhibit neuronal activity by opening G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channels. The therapeutic action of 5-HT(1A) agonists and their mechanism in alleviating anxiety and depressive disorders have been well documented. In addition, recent studies have revealed new insights into the therapeutic role of 5-HT(1A) receptors in treating various CNS disorders, including not only depressive disorders (e.g., delayed onset of action and refractory symptoms), but also schizophrenia (e.g., cognitive impairment and antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal side effects) and Parkinson's disease (e.g., extrapyramidal motor symptoms and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia). These lines of evidences encourage us to design new generation 5-HT(1A) ligands such as 5-HT(1A) agonists with greater potency, higher selectivity and improved pharmacokinetic properties, and 5-HT(1A) ligands which combine multiple pharmacological actions (e.g., inhibition of serotonin transporter, dopamine D(2) receptors and other 5-HT receptor subtypes). Such new 5-HT(1A) ligands may overcome clinical efficacy limitations and/or improve adverse reactions in current CNS therapies.
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PMID:New insight into the therapeutic role of 5-HT1A receptors in central nervous system disorders. 2051 29

Although the cardinal manifestations of Parkinson's disease (PD) are attributed to a decline in dopamine levels in the striatum, a breadth of non-motor features and treatment-related complications in which the serotonergic system plays a pivotal role are increasingly recognised. Serotonin (5-HT)-mediated neurotransmission is altered in PD and the roles of the different 5-HT receptor subtypes in disease manifestations have been investigated. The aims of this article are to summarise and discuss all published preclinical and clinical studies that have investigated the serotonergic system in PD and related animal models, in order to recapitulate the state of the current knowledge and to identify areas that need further research and understanding.
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PMID:The serotonergic system in Parkinson's disease. 2187 63


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