Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0030567 (Parkinson's disease)
 63,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although the significant progress in pharmacotherapy of epilepsy during last decade was achieved, about one third of patients are resistant to the current treatment. When the monotherapy is not efficient, the polytherapy should be applied. Zonisamide (ZNS) is a new antiepileptic drug (AED) efficient in treating refractory epilepsy. Its efficacy in different types of seizures was confirmed in various animal studies as well as in clinical conditions. ZNS inhibits voltage-dependent Na(+) channels and Ca(2+) channels of T-type. The drug influences also monoamine neurotransmission and exhibits free radical scavenging properties. ZNS has a linear and favorable pharmacokinetics with excellent oral bioavailability. Furthermore, ZNS treatment, compared to other anticonvulsants, is relatively safe and well tolerated. Since ZNS is often used in polytherapy, its interactions with other AEDs seem to be of particular importance. However, the experimental data are rather inconsistent and further studies are necessary to elucidate exact effects of coadministration of ZNS with other AEDs. Recently, the clinical and experimental studies have suggested some new indications for ZNS administration, as mania, neuropathic pain, Parkinson's disease or migraine prophylaxis. Nowadays, it is also well established that ZNS exerts neuroprotective properties.
Pol J Pharmacol
PMID:Zonisamide: a new antiepileptic drug. 1470 63

Highly reactive transition metals, such as copper and iron play an obligatory role in generating of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) show increased accumulation of these metals. Phosphoinositide metabolism is altered in neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we examined the effect of CuSO(4) and FeCl(2) on phospholipase C (PLC) activity degrading phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) in synaptic plasma membranes (SPM) from the rat brain cortex. We report that 25 microM CuSO(4) and FeCl(2) decreased PIP(2)-PLC activity by 60% and 75%, respectively. However, both compounds had no effect on PI-PLC activity. These data indicated that exclusively PIP(2)-PLC is sensitive to transition metal ions. We suggest that chelators of these metals may protect brain against alteration of phosphoinositide metabolism and might be beneficial in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Pol J Pharmacol
PMID:Transition metal ions significantly decrease phospholipase C activity degrading phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate in the brain cortex. 1470 87

The efficacy of the majority of drugs currently used for treatment of Parkinson's disease is insufficient. Moreover, such therapeutics are not devoid of serious side effects. Multiple studies on animal models of parkinsonism have shown that new class of drugs, acting selectively on metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) might be very promising for the future therapy of Parkinson's disease. This review briefly describes changes in glutamatergic transmission in the neuronal circuitry of the extrapyramidal system that occur in parkinsonian patients, contains background information on structure, function and distribution of mGluRs throughout the basal ganglia and concentrates on discussion of the results obtained from numerous animal model studies aimed to establish potential antiparkinsonian properties of various mGluR ligands. The reviewed literature data indicate that among these compounds group I mGluR antagonists and group II mGluR agonists might be beneficial to the treatment of parkinsonian akinesia and muscle rigidity.
Pol J Pharmacol
PMID:Role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in animal models of Parkinson's disease. 1473 87

Animal studies have shown that a depletion of dopamine or blockade of dopamine D2 receptors in the striatum produces an increase in striatal proenkephalin (PENK) mRNA expression and an increase in GABAergic transmission in the globus pallidus. Therefore, it has been suggested that an enhanced striatal PENK mRNA expression may reflect to some extent an increase in the activity of the GABAergic striatopallidal pathway whose overactivity has been suggested to take place in the course of Parkinson's disease. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the role of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ), an endogenous substance suspected of producing parkinsonism in humans, in the regulation of the activity of GABAergic striatopallidal pathway in rats. TIQ administered acutely at the dose of 100 mg/kg ip increased the PENK mRNA expression in the dorsal part of the striatum at two levels I and II (rostral and central striatum, respectively). No changes were noticed in the ventral part of the striatum. Moreover, TIQ given chronically to rats for 3 weeks did not modify the level of PENK mRNA in any examined part of the striatum. The present results show that the effect of TIQ on the PENK mRNA expression is different from that described for proparkinsonian model neurotoxins (MPTP, 6-OHDA) as well as for typical neuroleptics, such as haloperidol.
Pol J Pharmacol
PMID:Influence of acute and chronic 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline administration on the expression of proenkephalin mRNA in the rat striatum. 1473 88

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and its influence on the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The study group consisted of 58 people with Parkinson's disease aged 49 to 83 years old, and 26 of their spouses. Percentage of people infected by H. pylori was similar between people with Parkinson's disease and their spouses. In the same time in this study percentage of people infected by this bacterium was lower than in other studies of polish population. There was no relation between Parkinson's disease and H. pylori infection in the investigated group of patients suffering from Parkinson's disease.
Pol Merkur Lekarski 2003 Nov
PMID:[Helicobacter pylori infection and its influence on Parkinson disease]. 1496 36

Numerous factors are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, including inflammation in certain regions of the brain. Studies suggest a significant role of microglia in dopaminergic cell injury. Cytokines and apoptosis-related proteins were elevated in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. The occurrence of autoantibodies against neuronal structures has been found in Parkinson's disease. Disturbed cellular and humoral immune functions in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients have been also reported. An infectious cause of Parkinson's disease has been also discussed for years.
Neurol Neurochir Pol 2004
PMID:[Selected aspects of immunological disorders in Parkinson disease]. 1504 70

Renewed interest (also in Poland) in the neurosurgical treatment of Parkinson's Disease is the main cause of referring patients to stereotactic surgery. It is the result of our improved understanding of functional anatomy of basal ganglia and development of neurophysiological, neuroimaging and neurosurgical techniques. Various surgical options and possible targets offer different functional benefits, but due to almost 10 years experience we are aware of limited results and possible complications as well. There is a need of minimal standard of patient's evaluation before selection to surgery. The selection criteria include: good diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease, at least 5 years from the onset of symptoms, good responsiveness to L-dopa or apomorphine, exclusion of severe depression and dementia, neuroimaging (MRI) before surgery and optimal (but ineffective) pharmacological therapy before surgery.
Neurol Neurochir Pol 2003
PMID:[Consensus regarding indications for surgical treatment of Parkinson disease]. 1509 26

Parkinson syndrome occurs in the course of chemical intoxication, especially Mn, CS2, CO. It is rarely caused by chronic mercury intoxication. We present the case of 55 year old man who was exposed to metallic mercury vapor during 33 years of working in the chemical plant at the production of chlorine. On several occassions patient was removed from contact with Hg because of the symptoms of increased Hg absorption. At the age of 52 he developed hand tremor, balance and gait disturbance with bradykinesia, paresthesias of the upper extremities, neurobehavioral abnormalities, slight memory loss, and spatial disorientation. Psychoneurological examination revealed dementia, Parkinson's syndrome and ataxia of the lower limbs. Mercury excretion in the urine, which equaled 18.3 mu\g creatinine, confirmed exposure to Hg. MRI of the head revealed cortical and cerebellar atrophy. Electroneurography examination found features of subclinical peripheral sensory axonopathy of the upper limbs. Despite atypical clinical course (parkinsonismus) chronic mercury encephalopathy was diagnosed based on documented occupational exposure and diagnostic test results.
Neurol Neurochir Pol 2003
PMID:[Parkinsonism in chronic occupational metallic mercury intoxication]. 1509 29

Planning and verification of progress of efficacious physiotherapeutic effect on Parkinson's disease depends notably on the right identification of areas and scope of dysfunction of motoric systems. Biomechanical evaluation of motoric organ disability made by means of three-dimensional motion analysis using the "Vicon" system can make it considerably easier. A sample of three patients (two women and one man of average age of sixty-four) with idiopathic parkinsonism has been examined for the purpose of this evaluation. Based upon results of the three-dimensional motion analysis of these patients, dominant individual movement disorders were determined and individual therapeutic rehabilitation using the PNF method was planned. Within therapy, using the PNF method, they applied special techniques using motor patterns for the pelvis, upper and lower limbs in order to improve movement through an approach of assessed parameters to the biomechanical standard. After three weeks of therapy, specific characteristics of gait were examined again. On the basis of research results before therapy, it was found that these patients had none or limited scope of plantar flexion of feet, excessive dorsal flexion of feet, lengthened duration of stance phase, considerable excessive external rotation of shanks and excessive anteversion of the pelvis during gait cycle. Also big differences in values for spatiotemporal parameters (such as walking speed and frequency, stride length and time of single limb support) between the patients and healthy people were observed. After therapy, there has not been a marked variability in the scope of angular changes to the above-mentioned dysfunction. Only proportions between the duration of stance phase and swing phase have improved noticeably, so that they have directly resulted in better rhythm of gait. They have considerably approached the standards of frequency and speed (p = 0.05). However, stride length and duration of single limb support has not changed significantly.
Neurol Neurochir Pol 2003
PMID:[Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation method of therapeutic rehabilitation in the treatment of patients with Parkinson disease]. 1509 36

The aim of the study was to check whether VEP in Parkinson disease are pathological and if there is a relationship between VEP studies and severity, duration of the disease. The authors recruited 54 patient with idiopathic Parkinson disease with significant differences in laterality of bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor. The examined group consisted of 25 males and 29 females, aged from 34 to 82 years; mean age 70.47; the disease duration--from 3 month to 20 years; mean duration 7.76. The asymmetry of extra-pyramidal symptoms, severity of disease with UPDRS and activities of daily living with Schwabach and England were evaluated. Age, disease duration, treatment duration, current dose and side effects of levodopa were taken into account. Neurological examination and VEP were performed before the morning dose of levodopa U-test and Spearman correlation were used for statistical analysis. The VEP latencies were found in 11 patients (15.94%). Mean VEP latency for the right eye in this group was 116.83 (range: 122.3-111.0) and 120.45 (range: 161.5-111.0) for the left. In the group of patients with normal VEP the results were respectively 99.91 and 100.39. There were no significant correlations between the VEP and the asymmetry of neurological symptoms, disease severity and duration, treatment duration, the dose and side effects of Levodopa. There was a significant relationship between VEP latency and patients age and activities of daily living.
Neurol Neurochir Pol 2003
PMID:[Significance of visual evoked potentials (VEP) in the diagnosis of Parkinson disease]. 1509 41


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