Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030567 (Parkinson's disease)
 63,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nuclear medicine has a place in the study of brain trauma, brain tumours, stroke, dementia epilepsy and depression. The development of new tracers labelled with widely available radionuclides, such as technetium-99m (99Tc) and iodine-123, has played a key role here. Practical methodology can now be implemented in the routine setting. Additional applications are reviewed in the context of brain death, encephalitis, post-viral fatigue syndrome, Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
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PMID:The role of nuclear medicine in neurology and psychiatry. 146 80

The enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is considered to be a marker of central cholinergic neuron integrity. Then, we evaluated CSF AchE activity in 90 cases of neurological diseases involving cholinergic system and their related disease, and 28 control cases without central organic lesions or abnormal findings in routine CSF study. AchE activity was evaluated according to Ellman's method using acetylthiocholine iodide as a substrate and tetraisopropyl-pyrophosphoramide, a specific inhibitor of butyrylocholinesterase. CSF AchE of Alzheimer type dementia (AD/SDAT, N = 12: 21.9 +/- 4.7 nmol/ml/min) showed no significant change from those of both control group (22.1 +/- 3.9) and vascular dementia (9: 21.7 +/- 6.7). In extrapyramidal diseases, reduction of the activity was observed in Huntington's chorea (HC, 4: 16.3 +/- 1.4) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP, 4: 17.6 +/- 1.7), whereas normal activity was shown in Parkinson's disease (PD, 19: 22.5 +/- 4.6), dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA, 4: 22.6 +/- 4.2) and striatonigral degeneration (SND, 4: 20.4 +/- 4.3). In olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA, N = 16), we disclosed reduced CSF AchE activity (15.8 +/- 2.4) which had significant correlations with the atrophy of the pontine base (r = 0.6017, p less than 0.02) and cerebellar vermis (r = 0.5450, p less than 0.05) in MRI. AchE activity in cerebellar cortical atrophy (CCA, 5: 20.6 +/- 2.2) remained within the control values. Normal activity was demonstrated in both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (6: 24.3 +/- 7.3) and spinal muscular atrophy (4: 22.9 +/- 3.9).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[CSF acetylcholinesterase activity in central neurological diseases involving cholinergic systems]. 162 49

The increasing availability of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion brain scans has led to the investigation of a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions including the movement disorders such as Huntington's and Parkinson's disease. In general, observers have noted that Huntington patients have bilaterally decreased uptake of technetium 99m HM-PAO and iodine 123 IMP in the basal ganglia regions involving the heads of the caudate nucleic and adjacent structure, which reflects decreased neuronal function. These functional changes precede the morphological changes due to caudate nucleus atrophy that are observed on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Cortical changes occur in severely diseased Huntington's patients but are more nonspecific. Prediction of individuals at risk for Huntington's disease using SPECT scans should be done with caution and in association with other clinical data. In contrast, in Parkinson's disease mild diffusely decreased perfusion is commonly noted throughout the cerebral structures, except for the cerebellum. In Parkinson's disease, there is less agreement among observers as to whether the basal ganglia are abnormal. Some observers report that there are no specific basal ganglia perfusion defects in excess of those changes seen elsewhere in the brain. Others report diminished basal ganglia uptake associated with L-dopa therapy in some Parkinson's patients, and in patients with hemi-parkinsonism there have been perfusion deficits reported in the contralateral basal ganglia. In some Parkinson patients, bilateral Alzheimer's-like posterior temporoparietal cortical perfusion defects have been observed in association with progressive dementia. Basal ganglia and cortical perfusion changes also have been reported in a few patients with a variety of other less common movement disorders.
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PMID:The scintigraphic evaluation of Huntington's disease and other movement disorders using single photon emission computed tomography perfusion brain scans. 182 59

The goal was to visualize cerebral dopamine-D2 receptors in 6 patients with Parkinson's disease and in 3 healthy controls using iodine-123-Lisuride-SPECT. In addition, we performed receptor-replacement studies using 123I-Lisuride and cold Lisuride as competitive ligands. The highest uptake of 123I-Lisuride was observed in the striatum, a region with known high dopamine receptor density. In two patients premedication with cold Lisuride displaced 123I-Lisuride from the dopamine receptor. 123I-Lisuride is valuable as a radiotracer in cerebral dopamine-D2 receptor scintigraphy. Whether or not it is possible to determine dynamic changes of dopamine receptor density or function by receptor replacement studies needs further evaluation in larger patient populations.
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PMID:[Brain SPECT with 123I-lisuride in patients with Parkinson's disease and controls]. 767 43

We report that exposure of cultured, postmitotic chick-embryo sympathetic neurons, to physiological concentrations of dopamine (0.1-1 mM) for 24 h initiates a cellular death process characteristic of apoptosis (= programmed-cell-death, PCD). Dopamine caused marked morphological alterations, mainly axonal disintegration and severe shrinkage and condensation of cell bodies. Flow-cytometric analysis of propidium-iodide-stained cell nuclei revealed the characteristic apoptotic nuclear fragmentation: increase in nuclear granularity and emergence of a large, distinct population of nuclei with reduced DNA content (subdiploid, apoptotic peak). These alterations were similar to changes induced by nerve growth factor (NGF) deprivation, a model of sympathetic neuronal PCD. Alterations were inhibited by the anti-oxidative agent DTT. Inappropriate, dopamine-induced activation of PCD might have a role in nigral neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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PMID:Dopamine induces apoptosis-like cell death in cultured chick sympathetic neurons--a possible novel pathogenetic mechanism in Parkinson's disease. 804 91

Phantom measurements were performed with a conventional single-head single-photon emission tomography (SPET) camera in order to validate the relevance of the basal ganglia/frontal cortex iodine-123 iodobenzamide (IBZM) uptake ratios measured in patients. Inside a cylindrical phantom (diameter 22 cm), two cylinders with a diameter of 3.3 cm were inserted. The activity concentrations of the cylinders ranged from 6.0 to 22.6 kBq/ml and the cylinder/background activity ratios varied from 1.4 to 3.8. From reconstructed SPET images the cylinder/background activity ratios were calculated using three different regions of interest (ROIs). A linear relationship between the measured activity ratio and the true activity ratio was obtained. In patient studies, basal ganglia/frontal cortex IBZM uptake ratios determined from the reconstructed slices using attenuation correction prior to reconstruction were 1.30 +/- 0.03 in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (n = 9), 1.33 +/- 0.09 in infantile and juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (n = 7) and 1.34 +/- 0.05 in narcolepsy (n = 8). Patients with Huntington's disease had significantly lower ratios (1.09 +/- 0.04, n = 5). The corrected basal ganglia/frontal cortex ratios, determined using linear regression, were about 80% higher. The use of dural-window scatter correction increased the measured ratios by about 10%. Although comprehensive correction methods can further improve the resolution in SPET images, the resolution of the SPET system used by us (1.5-2 cm) will determine what is achievable in basal ganglia D2 receptor imaging.
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PMID:Validation of quantitative brain dopamine D2 receptor imaging with a conventional single-head SPET camera. 840 54

The functional integrity of striatal post-synaptic dopamine D2 receptors is requested for an effective pharmacologic treatment in patients with extrapyramidal movement disorders. Iodine-123 IBZM Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) is a noninvasive radionuclide technique for the morpho-functional imaging of post-synaptic dopamine D2 receptors. In this study, the results of iodine-123 IBZM SPECT and those of apomorphine tests were compared in 32 patients with extrapyramidal movement disorders--22 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) and 10 with Parkinson's plus syndrome (PPS). Iodine-123 IBZM uptake was measured as the ratio between striatum and frontal cortex activities. Twenty of 22 IPD patients (91%) responded to apomorphine administration, while in 8 of 10 PPS patients (80%) the apomorphine test was negative. Iodine-123 IBZM uptake was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in IPD patients (1.39 +/- 0.114) than in PPS patients (1.27 +/- 0.078). Similarly, iodine-123 IBZM uptake was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the patients with positive than in those with negative apomorphine test (1.38 +/- 0.113 vs. 1.26 +/- 0.078). In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that iodine-123 IBZM SPECT is a radionuclide technique capable of characterizing the patients with extrapyramidal movement disorders and of selecting the subjects who may respond to pharmacological dopamine treatment.
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PMID:[Cerebral SPECT with iodine-123 IBZM in patients with extrapyramidal system disorders: the evaluation of its sensitivity in therapy with dopaminergic drugs]. 862 32

1. The monoamines dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), and serotonin (5-HT) serve as endogenous neurotransmitters in the nervous system. We recently reported that the neurotransmitter DA can trigger apoptosis (programmed cell death; PCD) in cultured, postmitotic chick embryo sympathetic neurons, suggesting a role for apoptosis in degenerative processes such as Parkinson's disease (PD). However, PD is also associated with involvement of other monoaminergic (MA) neuronal systems (noradrenergic and serotoninergic), though to a lesser extent. 2. We therefore tested the apoptosis-triggering potential of NE, E, and 5-HT in comparison to the DA effect, in cultured postmitotic nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent chick embryo sympathetic neurons and mouse cerebellar granule cells. 3. In both model systems MA induced neuronal attrition characteristic of apoptosis. MA caused marked morphological alterations: severe neuronal soma shrinkage, membrane blebbing, nuclear condensation and fragmentation, and axonal disintegration. Flow-cytometric analysis of propidium iodide-stained cell nuclei revealed characteristic apoptotic nuclear fragmentation. MA-induced apoptosis could be blocked by SH-group containing antioxidants but not by inhibitors of transcription and translation. 4. Comparison between the two model systems revealed that the cerebellar granule neurons were distinctly more sensitive to the neurotoxic potential of the MA than sympathetic neuronal cells. Significant differences in the dose dependencies and time course of the apoptotic effect were observed among the examined MA, graded as DA > NE approximately E > 5-HT. 5. We conclude that the apoptosis triggering potential, probably mediated by oxidative metabolites, is shared by all MA tested, but with differential time course and dose dependencies. A correlation can be drawn between the effects of DA vs NE vs 5-HT and the relative involvement of dopaminergic/noradrenergic/serotoninergic pathways in PD, which may suggest a common multisystem underlying abnormality in neuronal apoptosis-control mechanisms.
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PMID:Monoamine-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death. 911 2

A 20-25% rate of antemortem misdiagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) suggests that it may be difficult to clinically differentiate PD from other degenerative diseases of the central nervous system, such as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) or multiple system atrophy (MSA). Iodine-123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine ([123I] MIBG), an analogue of norepinephrine, is a tracer for functioning of sympathetic neurons. To investigate cardiac sympathetic function in PD, MSA, and PSP, [123I] MIBG myocardial scintigraphy was performed in 25 patients with PD, 25 patients with MSA, 14 patients with PSP, and 20 control subjects. In planar imaging studies, the heart-to-mediastinum average count ratio (H/M) was calculated for both early and delayed images. The mean value of H/M in patients with PD was significantly lower than in those with MSA, PSP, or no disease (p < 0.0001). Regardless of disease severity or intensity of anti-parkinsonian pharmacotherapy, mean values for H/M were always low in patients with PD. The mean values of H/M in patients with MSA and PSP were significantly lower than in controls (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference between the mean value of H/M in MSA with orthostatic hypotension (OH) and that in MSA without OH, and also there was no significant difference between the mean value of H/M in MSA with striatonigral degeneration and that in MSA with olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Although the mean value of H/M in PSP with amitriptyline treatment was significantly lower than that in PSP patients without amitriptyline treatment (p < 0.005), there was no significant difference between the mean value of H/M in PSP patients without amitriptyline treatment and that in controls. There was no correlation between H/M and disease duration in those three akinetic-rigid disorders that we have studied here. Thus, PD may have an abnormality of cardiac sympathetic function which has not been detected by previous cardiovascular autonomic studies. Particularly in early stages, [123I] MIBG myocardial scintigraphy may help to differentiate PD from MSA and PSP.
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PMID:[Iodine 123-labeled meta-iodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy in the cases of idiopathic Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, and progressive supranuclear palsy]. 936 73

Stereotactic surgery for Parkinson's disease can be performed using different neuroimaging methods. Ventriculography has been used to locate the coordinates of the structures close to the third ventricle. Although it has several potential disadvantages related to the intraventricular injection of iodine contrast, it is considered a precise method. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have been used in some centers. In order to compare their efficacy, 50 stereotactic thalamotomies for Parkinson's disease were performed using either ventriculography (VE) (25) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (25). In 14 out of 25 VE procedures, computed tomography (CT-scan) was also used and showed a significant mean difference of coordinate Y and Z. The clinical results employing either VE or MRI were similar, with 80% abolition of tremor in the VE group, and 84% in the MRI group, after a follow up period of at least 3 months. Another 12% of VE and 16% of MRI group showed significant improvement of tremor. Complication rate was 4% in both groups. MRI-guided stereotactic thalamotomy in Parkinson's disease has shown good clinical results, comparable to VE-guided stereotaxis.
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PMID:Comparison of MRI-guided and ventriculography-based stereotactic surgery for Parkinson's disease. 962 3


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