Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0030567 (Parkinson's disease)
 63,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The results obtained in a retrospective study on clinical and pharmacological aspects of 41 patients suffering craniocervical dystonia (24 with blepharospasm, 17 with torticollis) and 11 with spasm are here presented. Mean age of symptoms onset was 57.4, 43.8 and 55.8 years old respectively; this variable was comparatively higher in females than in males with torticollis. The prevalence of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm was higher in females. A 38.7% of patients suffering blepharospasm also presented oromandibular dystonia (Meige's syndrome). Other abnormal movements less frequently associated were cephalic tremor, postural hand tremor and larynx dystonia. In three cases with blepharospasm there was family history of Parkinson's disease and in two cases with torticollis there was family history of essential tremor. The mean age of onset was lower in patients with clonic torticollis and the evolution time of symptoms was longer than in those who presented the tonic type. Clonic torticollis were less frequently associated to pain. Trihexyphenidyl (anticholinergic) was the most efficient drug in craniocervical dystonia, and clonazepam in facial hemispasm. In general, as earliest the age of onset was, as better the therapeutical response was.
 ...
PMID:[Craniocervical dystonia and facial hemispasm: clinical and pharmacological characteristics of 52 patients]. 176 88

Sensory symptoms related to pain perception have been reported to occur in 30-50% of parkinsonian patients. Two patients with Parkinson's disease are reported, in whom painful sensory phenomena preceded or accompanied the disease process. In both patients the sensory phenomena were unresponsive to therapy with oral narcotics, anti-inflammatory drugs or administration of levodopa/carbidopa. Benzhexol (4-6 mg/day) produced dramatic amelioration of symptoms, indicating a role for the cholinergic system in the pathophysiology of abnormal sensory symptoms in Parkinson's disease and possibly in human analgesia in general.
 ...
PMID:Anticholinergic-induced analgesia: possible role for the cholinergic system in abnormal sensory symptoms in Parkinson's disease. 243 Feb 73

There is increasing evidence that the P 100 peak of the pattern-reversal visual-evoked potential (VEP-PR) is delayed by drug-induced dopamine antagonism and in Parkinson's disease. Recent studies have reported that components of the flash-VEP (VEP-F) are delayed by an anticholinergic which does not affect the VEP-PR. The present study found that a single dose of chlorpromazine increased the latencies of the VEP-PR and of the VEP-F and increased the VEP-F P2 amplitude. Trihexyphenidyl increased the VEP-PR amplitude but had only minor effects on the VEP-F. There was a tendency for imipramine to increase VEP-F latencies, especially the N3 peak, but had no effect on the VEP-PR. Both VEPs were unaffected by diazepam. These VEP findings add further support to the role of dopamine in the human visual system. Possible reasons are advanced for the failure of trihexyphenidyl to cause previously reported VEP changes associated with hyoscine hydrobromide. Several important issues need to be addressed by future research.
 ...
PMID:Effects of single doses of diazepam, chlorpromazine, imipramine and trihexyphenidyl on visual-evoked potentials. 325 92

A patient with severe variant angina that was refractory to conventional treatment became symptom free when she was treated with benzhexol (trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride), a cholinergic blocking agent used in the management of Parkinson's disease. There was a brief psychotic reaction when a large dose was taken and some memory impairment on the maintenance dose. Benzhexol should be used with caution but may prove to be an additional therapeutic agent in the management of severe variant angina.
 ...
PMID:Management of a case of refractory variant angina with benzhexol hydrochloride (trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride). 405 85

Fourteen slightly disabled patients with Parkinsonism were treated separately with benzhexol, amantadine, and levodopa. Benzhexol and amantadine both gave a 15% reduction in functional disability and levodopa a 36% reduction. Benzhexol lessened the rigidity and improved the flexion of posture of Parkinson's disease, but had little or no effect on akinesia and tremor. Amantadine and levodopa caused improvement in all these symptoms. The combination of benzhexol and amantadine was as effective after four weeks of treatment as levodopa was after six months.
 ...
PMID:Comparative trial of benzhexol, amantadine, and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. 483 13

1. The effects of benzhexol on the absorption and pharmacokinetics of an oral dose of levodopa have been studied in 10 young healthy volunteers. Subjects were given a suspension of levodopa (250 mg) 90 min after either benzhexol (5 mg) or placebo in a randomized cross over design with doses separated by at least 1 week; on each occasion carbidopa was given 1 h before and 5 h after the dose of levodopa. Soluble paracetamol and radiolabelled DTPA were given with the levodopa as markers of gastric emptying. 2. Most subjects showed two peaks in the levodopa plasma concentration-time curve on the placebo day, with the second minor peak occurring 1-2 h after the dose. After benzhexol administration all subjects showed two or more peak levodopa concentrations in plasma. Benzhexol administration caused a significant decrease in the maximum concentration (43%; P < 0.05) of the initial peak and an increase (22%; P < 0.1) in the maximum concentration of the second peak. This change in absorption profile caused by benzhexol significantly altered the ratios of the second peak compared with the initial peak for both the maximum concentrations (P < 0.02) and for the AUC values (P < 0.05). Benzhexol administration did not affect the total AUC of levodopa (7.30 +/- 1.09 vs 7.19 +/- 1.26 micrograms ml-1 h; means +/- s.d.). 3. The plasma concentration-time curves for paracetamol showed similar profiles to those for levodopa and the ratios of the peak concentrations and AUC values for the second peak compared with the initial peak were increased significantly by benzhexol administration (P < 0.05). The total AUC of paracetamol was not affected by benzhexol administration (39.4 +/- 8.2 vs 40.0 +/- 8.9 micrograms ml-1 h; mean +/- s.d.) 4. Benzhexol altered the gastric emptying profile, shown by gamma-scintigraphy, with a reduced extent of initial emptying prior to the establishment of the plateau which is characteristic of levodopa administration in the fasting state. In consequence the ratio of the second to the initial phase of emptying was significantly higher (P < 0.01) following benzhexol treatment. 5. Benzhexol reduces the initial phase of gastric emptying after a dose of levodopa so that there is a decrease in the initial peak and a greater proportion of the dose is absorbed subsequently following the second phase of gastric emptying which occurs approximately 1 h later. Theoretically, this altered concentration-time profile could be an advantage for some patients with Parkinson's disease.
 ...
PMID:The effects of co-administration of benzhexol on the peripheral pharmacokinetics of oral levodopa in young volunteers. 873 Sep 80

Trihexyphenidyl, biperiden and procyclidine are anticholinergic drugs produced as racemates for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. This paper describes a simple and sensitive LC-MS method for the simultaneous determination of these compounds in human serum. An on-line sample clean-up procedure was used, where serum samples were directly injected into a "restricted-access media" pre-column. After the exclusion of the serum proteins, the drug molecules were eluted to a beta-cyclodextrin analytical column for chiral separation. The quantitation was done by electrospray ionization MS using diphenidol as an internal standard. The method developed has limits of detection of 1 ng/ml, at least two-orders-of-magnitude linear dynamic ranges (r>0.999), and RSDs of less than 10%. The system can be completely automated for increased sample throughput and unattended analyses.
 ...
PMID:Simultaneous determination of enantiomers of structurally related anticholinergic analogs in human serum by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with on-line sample cleanup. 1167 78

Trihexyphenidyl (THP) is a drug commonly used to reduce parkinsonian symptoms. An important side effect of this agent is memory impairment. Since caffeine enhances the potency of THP to inhibit haloperidol-induced catalepsy, caffeine may be used as an adjuvant of lower doses of THP, in order to improve its antiparkinsonian effects without causing memory disruption. To further assess the synergism between caffeine and THP, both drugs were tested in reserpinized rats, another preclinical model of Parkinson's disease. Four groups of rats (n = 7) were treated with reserpine (5 mg/kg, i.p.). A control group (n = 7) was treated only with the vehicle for reserpine (dimethylsulphoxide). The spontaneous locomotor behavior was tested 24 h later in a box with infrared sensors, 30 min after receiving one of the following treatments: distilled water (1 ml/kg), caffeine (1 mg/kg), THP (0.1 mg/kg) or caffeine plus THP. The levels of horizontal locomotion (14 +/- 5%) and vertical exploration (15 +/- 10%) were significantly lower in reserpinized rats treated with distilled water, compared with the mean activity values (100%) recorded in animals pretreated only with the vehicle for reserpine. The reserpine-induced hypokinesia was neither reversed by caffeine alone nor by THP alone. However, the combination of caffeine plus THP restored locomotion (141 +/- 19%) and vertical exploration (82 +/- 17%) to levels not significantly different to those of non-reserpinized rats. Moreover, the time-course of locomotion and exploration displayed the characteristic habituation over time, in which short-term memory processes are involved. Also, the thigmotaxis index indicated that the combined treatment did not induce anxiety-like behavior. Hence, these results support the proposal that low, subthreshold doses of caffeine plus THP have the potential to alleviate the motor disabilities in parkinsonian patients, with a low risk of causing anxiety or memory impairment.
 ...
PMID:Treatment with subthreshold doses of caffeine plus trihexyphenidyl fully restores locomotion and exploratory activity in reserpinized rats. 1533 59