Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030567 (Parkinson's disease)
 63,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We evaluated the effects of mianserin, a relatively selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, on symptoms related to drug-induced psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). A total of 12 patients with PD who had developed drug-induced psychosis showed delirium (DSM-III-R criteria; n = 10) and pure visual hallucinations (n = 2). The antiparkinsonian drugs involved in the drug-induced psychosis were L-DOPA/carbidopa, bromocriptine, trihexyphenidyl, and amantadine. They received mianserin (mean 36.7 mg, range 20-60 mg) given orally for 8 weeks. Complete relief or marked improvement in psychotic symptoms was noted in 8 patients, moderate improvement in 2 patients, and no effect in 2 patients. The parkinsonian disability also decreased slightly in 8 patients. These results suggest that serotonin antagonism at 5-HT2 receptors may not only play an important role in the treatment of drug-induced psychosis in PD, but may also ameliorate the symptoms of parkinsonism.
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PMID:Mianserin treatment of patients with psychosis induced by antiparkinsonian drugs. 777 16

The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) provides ratings of an individual's changes in everyday cognitive functions during the previous 10 years. Original studies conducted in Australia showed that its score was not influenced by the subjects' educational backgrounds and that it performed at least as well as the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) as a screening instrument for dementia. The subjects of the present study were Chinese and included 399 community residents and 61 dementia patients. Their ages ranged from 50 to 92 years; their education levels ranged from 0 to 19 years, and 63% of them had never attended school. We administered the IQCODE to informants and the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI), from which a CASI-estimated score of the MMSE (MMSE-CE) can be obtained, to the subjects. The diagnosis of dementia was made independently by physicians according to the DSM-III-R criteria based on semistructured interview and testing, neurologic examination, and standardized assessments of cerebral vascular disease, Parkinson's disease, and depression. The Chinese IQCODE showed no association with the subjects' education level or gender, low association with their age, and moderately high association with their MMSE-CE score. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the IQCODE was significantly larger than that of the MMSE-CE for the whole group and for the subgroup with 1 to 19 years of education but not for the subgroup with 0 years of education. Nine of the 26 items of the IQCODE could be deleted without appreciable reduction in sensitivity and specificity. The IQCODE (1) can be shortened to 17 items, (2) had good cross-cultural applicability, and (3) was better than the MMSE-CE as a screening tool for dementia in a population with large variation in educational backgrounds.
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PMID:The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) as a screening tool for dementia for a predominantly illiterate Chinese population. 782 43

Psychiatric symptoms were investigated and compared in 95 patients with Alzheimer type dementia (DAT) and in 39 patients with Parkinson's disease with dementia (PD-D). The diagnosis of the dementia and psychiatric disorders was based on DSM III R criteria; dementia stage was assessed using the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR). PD-D were significantly older than DAT patients. Delirium was more frequent in the advanced stages of both PD-D and DAT, being mainly of the hypoactive type in PD-D and the hyperactive type in DAT. Delusions and hallucinations predominated in the early CDR stages of both illnesses and did not differ between groups; the same was true for depression. The results revealed different psychopathological profiles in DAT and PD-D patients.
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PMID:Differing patterns of psychiatric impairment in Alzheimer and demented parkinsonian patients. 787 58

A community survey of dementia was conducted on a Chinese islet. A total of 221 men and 234 women in the age range of 50-92 were assessed. The Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI), a 100-point cognitive test designed for cross-cultural studies and adapted in Chinese for individuals with little or no formal education, was administered twice by trained field workers with a retest interval of 3 to 4 weeks. In addition, all participants were assessed by physicians who did not know the CASI scores. The physicians' assessment included a complete neurological examination, plus semi-structured tests and interviews covering cognitive abilities, daily activities, depression, cerebrovascular disease, and Parkinson's disease. Dementia was diagnosed by consensus among the physicians according to the DSM-III-R criteria. Among the 455 participants, 16 cases of dementia were identified, including 13 with probable Alzheimer's disease and 1 each with vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease, and alcoholism. The rates of dementia were 0, 3.9 and 11.5% for the age groups of 50-69, 70-79 and 80-92; and 4.4, 2.0 and 0% for the education groups of 0-1, 2-6 and 7-15 years of schooling. No sex difference was found after controlling for education. The Chinese version of the CASI had an intraclass retest reliability of 0.90. Using a cut-off score of < or = 50 for dementia, the sensitivity was 0.88 and the specificity was 0.94. The preliminary study suggests that the CASI can be used in Chinese populations with generally low education levels and that Alzheimer's disease was the most common type of dementia in this population.
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PMID:Assessing cognitive abilities and dementia in a predominantly illiterate population of older individuals in Kinmen. 799 58

Parkinson's disease (PD) is frequently accompanied by symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, the relationship between anxiety and depression has not been rigorously defined in these patients. In this study, 42 patients with PD and 21 matched medical controls were evaluated using DSM-III-R criteria and a variety of psychiatric rating scales. Twelve (29%) PD patients but only one medical control had a formal anxiety disorder diagnosis. Of the 12 patients with PD who had an anxiety disorder diagnosis, 11 (92%) had a comorbid depressive disorder diagnosis. Of the 18 patients with a depressive disorder, 12 (67%) also had an anxiety disorder diagnosis. Furthermore, a stepwise regression analysis found that the depression measure explained 44% of the variance in anxiety measures whereas neither the severity of illness variables nor the levodopa dose contributed significantly to the variance. This study suggests that the excess anxiety found in PD patients is unlikely to be primarily a psychologic reaction to the illness or a side effect of levodopa treatment. Rather, we suggest that anxiety and depression are related manifestations of the underlying neurochemical changes of PD itself.
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PMID:Parkinson's disease and anxiety: comorbidity with depression. 826 31

The event-related potential (ERP) and visual evoked potential (VEP) were recorded in 28 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 28 normal subjects. Nine of the PD patients had dementia and 19 did not. Dementia was evaluated according to the criteria for dementia assigned by the DSM III-R, and mental faculties were estimated using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). ERP was recorded during auditory discriminative tasks. The latencies of N100, P200, N200 and P300 from the Pz region were measured. VEP was recorded during pattern reversal stimulation. The latency of P100 was measured for each eye stimulated. PD patients with dementia showed significant prolongation of the N200 and P300 latencies of ERP and of the P100 latency of VEP compared with the values in normal subjects and in PD patients without dementia. There was a significant correlation between the N200 latency of ERP and the P100 latency of VEP in PD patients with dementia. The findings indicate that the N200 and P300 latencies of ERP are related to cognitive information processing and also suggest that dysfunction in the central visual system plays a role in abnormal pattern VEP in patients with dementia. Furthermore, the disturbance of early sensory processing in response to visual stimuli may roughly parallel the impairment of cognitive information processing in terms of ERP in PD patients with dementia.
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PMID:[Event-related potential and visual evoked potential in patients with Parkinson's disease]. 833 29

In order to evaluate the EEG activity during wakefulness in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), a prospective controlled study was performed. We compared 6 AD and 11 PD patients with a control group of 12 patients with mild to moderate major chronic depression (DSM-III-R, 1987). The median of the frequencies and the power of the posterior dominant activity was obtained in the three groups using spectral analysis. The posterior activity had a frequency of 8.79 +/- 0.52 (mean +/- sd) in the control group, 6.65 +/- 0.80 (mean +/- sd) in the AD group and 7.69 +/- 1.39 (mean +/- sd) in the PD group. The experimental hypothesis that patients with AD and PD differ from controls in relation to the background activity (defined as abnormal < 8) was confirmed by the chi square test (p = 0.01) and the t test showed that the mean of the frequency of the posterior power was significantly lower in AD (p = 0.01) and PD (p = 0.05) patients, compared with the controls. The results indicate that this abnormality could be correlated with the degree of cortical damage and natural history of these disorders.
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PMID:[Digital EEG with brain mapping in Alzheimer's dementia and Parkinson's disease. A prospective controlled study]. 873 45

In a cross-sectional study performed in 1980 on 70 consecutive Parkinson's disease (PD) outpatients, we investigated the factors associated with dementia, especially anticholinergic drugs. All cases fulfilled three major clinical criteria of PD, and underwent extensive clinical and laboratory examinations, including brain CT and neuropsychological assessment. Cases with mental deterioration at the onset of the illness or confusional status were excluded. In 15 patients the diagnosis of dementia was made according to DSM-III criteria; 15 other non-demented patients scoring 4 on the Reisberg's Global Deterioration Scale were labelled as "mentally deteriorated", and the remaining 40 cases were considered cognitively normal. In a logistic multiple regression analysis only age, female sex and time of anticholinergic intake were significantly associated with dementia. We conclude that anticholinergic drugs must be avoided in PD patients with some cognitive decline.
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PMID:Anticholinergic therapy and dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease. 883 45

This study is concerned with explicit memory in both auditory and visual modalities in patients with non-demented(on DSM-III-R) Parkinson's disease. On some explicit memory studies, Parkinsonian patients were compared with normal controls matched for age and education. For assessment of recollection, recall and recognition were assessed using two clinical test batteries, Rey's Auditory-Verbal Learning Test and Rey's Visual-Design Learning Test. In addition to a comparison of recall and recognition, the present research inquired into the serial position data in free recall, analysis by applying a signal detection theory to the recognition data, and metamemory by using self-assessment of recognition. The results showed that the Parkinsonian group was significantly impaired on both tests of free recall compared to the normal controls. By contrast, when given tests of recognition memory for the same lists, their performance was almost identical only in assessment of correct scores(hits). There was a significant correlations between performances on achieved categories of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and on free recalls of the auditory-verbal learning test in the patient group. In recall, no qualitative differences of the serial position curves were observed between the two groups, as an increasing pattern of primacy and recency effect was preserved. In addition, the two groups performed equally well on both auditory (digit span) and visual(spatial span) short-term memory assessment. Moreover, on the trial-recall curves, from the first trial to the last two groups showed no significant differences in their learning effect and forgetting. Irrespective of modalities, however, the Parkinsonian group recalled less than the controls in the first trials. The poor performance of recall in the patients could be explained in terms of diminished attentional resources of the central executive system processing information beyond their short-term memory span within the framework of Baddeley's model of working memory which simultaneously controls two functions of encoding and retention. It was suggested that diminished central resources would be strongly associated with basal frontal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. When recognition memory was further investigated, false alarms but not misses significantly increased despite normal hits in the patients on both tests. Analysis by using a signal detection theory produced significant differences, in that the Parkinsonian patients had lower values of beta and d' on auditory-verbal learning while they had lower tendency of beta on visual-design. The trend that they fell into errors by recognizing a distracter as the target presented previously was likely to be related a dysfunction of the supervisory system of Norman and Shallice's model which was assumed to be in the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, the present research disclosed that metamemory, i.e. the ability to assess their own memory, was disturbed in the Parkinsonian patients. In addition to the problem of recognition mentioned above, it was suggested that the impaired metamemory could be attributed to a deterioration of frontal lobe function.
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PMID:[Deficit of explicit memory in Parkinson's disease demonstrated by auditory-verbal and visual-design learning tasks]. 901 49

The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of major depression and to evaluate associated features in random age cohorts of 75, 80, and 85 years (N = 651). A clinical examination was made by experienced health center physicians, and major depression was diagnosed according to DSM-III criteria. The prevalence increased with age and was 1% to 4% in the age groups of 75 and 80 years, but 13% at the age of 85 years. No sex difference was found. The frequency of major depression was fourfold among institutionalized patients (16%) as compared to those living at home (4%). Major depression was strongly associated with objective health, intellectual functioning, and functional capacity. Depression was most common in subjects suffering from poor vision, urinary incontinence, or Parkinson's disease (odd ratios 4.2 to 4.9). Depression was also correlated with musculoskeletal disorders, coronary heart disease, and cerebrovascular diseases (odd ratios 2.5 to 3.4). The survey suggests that major depression is quite rare in healthy elderly people but common in disabled institutionalized patients.
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PMID:Major depression in the elderly: a population study in Helsinki. 911 79


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