Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030567 (Parkinson's disease)
 63,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 12-year-old boy developed occasional attacks of oculogyric crisis after physical exercises or when tired. Following the initial symptom, progressive Parkinsonian features such as bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, hand tremors in posture, mild dysarthria and disorder of postural reflexes developed. There was no marked diurnal fluctuation o symptoms. Serum ceruloplasmin, copper levels, cranial X-ray CT scan and MRI were normal. Measurement of the plasma levels of L-dopa after single oral administration (300 mg) were normal. The treatment with L-dopa improved the Parkinsonian features excluding the attacks of oculogyric crisis in a few weeks. This case is not identical with juvenile Parkinsonism proposed by Yokochi et al for lack of both crural or truncal dystonia and remarkable response to L-dopa. Oculogyric crisis is known in several patients with severe generalized dystonia, and seldom in patients with Parkinson disease or juvenile Parkinsonism. Oculogyric crisis may be one of focal dystonias confined to extraocular muscles.
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PMID:[Oculogyric crisis as an initial symptom of juvenile parkinsonism-like disease]. 260 35

Simple reaction time lengthens in parkinsonian patients as the severity of motor disorder progresses. Shortening of reaction time was obtained by giving a warning signal to a greater extent in cases with severer motor disability. The results suggest that inattention, one of several symptoms common to lesions in the frontal lobe and Parkinson's disease, may be a factor in bradykinesia in purposive movements in the disease. The Wisconsin card sorting test and criterion shift task which we devised to deal with a single patients have difficulty in dealing with multiple sets simultaneously, which may be caused also by inattention. In execution of ballistic movement in parkinsonian patients, only a small torque constant in amount and in time can be produced in the beginning, irrespective of the size of force required, and subsequently enough force is built up to reach the target. This was more marked in cases with severe motor disability and in cases with decrease in power. Rigidity, mechanical properties of the limb or disorders in ocular movement were not responsible for the production of the initial small torque. Oculo-manual incoordination in visuomotor tracking tasks is also discussed.
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PMID:Bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease: disorders of onset and execution of fast movement. 265 34

One hundred patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and five patients with progressive supranuclear palsy were questioned about the frequency, circumstances, and consequences of falling. Parkinsonian symptoms were scored using the unified rating scale. Thirty-eight percent of parkinsonian patients fell, and 13% fell more than once a week. Broken bones (13%), hospitalization (18%), confinement to wheelchair (3%), and fear of walking occurred. Postural hypotension was uncommon and did not correlate to falling. Sensory loss, dementia, heart disease, and the use of antihypertensive medications were not related to falling. Falling did correlate with postural instability, bradykinesia, and rigidity but not with tremor. Falling was also related to age and duration of disease. The frequency of falling was correlated only to the severity of one parkinsonian symptom, postural instability. Progressive supranuclear palsy patients fell often and had marked postural instability. Factor analysis of parkinsonian characteristics yielded three groups, with tremor being an independent symptom. Frequent fallers and postural instability were not changed by dopaminergic therapy. Some fallers with gait difficulties and bradykinesia were improved with levodopa. Physical therapy was also of benefit to some patients. It is concluded that falling is a common problem in PD and may cause serious disability. Falling may be related to all the major motor signs except for tremor. Frequent falling is caused by postural instability, which is not reversible with dopaminergic therapy.
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PMID:Falls and Parkinson's disease. 272 Jul

To examine the natural history and pathogenesis of parkinsonism in Alzheimer's disease, 44 subjects with clearly established senile dementia of the Alzheimer type were studied during a 66-month period. Sixteen subjects (36%) developed idiopathic parkinsonism, and 12 subjects (27%) developed drug-induced parkinsonism; the chief clinical features of both types were bradykinesia and rigidity, but not resting tremor. The presence of parkinsonism was associated with global (rather than selective) cognitive impairment, as determined by psychometric testing, and with more rapid progression to advanced stages of dementia. The pathological correlates of clinical parkinsonism were heterogeneous in 10 subjects with Alzheimer's disease who were examined post mortem. Coexistent Parkinson's disease was observed in five cases and nonspecific nigral degenerative lesions were present in another three; however, two cases had neither histological changes nor reduced neuronal densities in the substantia nigra. These two cases suggested that extranigral lesions, possibly involving mesocortical dopaminergic pathways, may contribute to the development of parkinsonism in subjects with Alzheimer's disease.
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PMID:Clinical and pathological aspects of parkinsonism in Alzheimer's disease. A role for extranigral factors? 273 Mar 77

(+)-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine (PHNO) is a novel selective D2 agonist. The efficacy and safety of PHNO was studied in 10 Parkinsonian patients (Hoehn and Yahr Stage II or III) who continued to receive levodopa/carbidopa. At the lowest dose administered (0.25 mg tid), nine of the 10 patients improved with respect to rigidity, bradykinesia and tremor. At this dose there was one dropout because of severe orthostasis. Although there was a trend towards improvement in motor scores with the higher doses (0.5-1.0 mg tid), this was not statistically significant. At higher doses there were a total of four dropouts because of adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting and orthostatic hypotension. It appears that PHNO may prove to be efficacious in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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PMID:The efficacy of (+)-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine as adjunctive therapy in Parkinson's disease. 274 65

Unlike the single joint arm movements so commonly the focus of Parkinson's disease (PD) studies, orofacial movements for speech are well-learned, complex motor sequences generated without visual guidance. The present study of upper lip, lower lip, and jaw movements during speech in PD was thus aimed at determining whether (1) PD speech kinematic deficits are comparable to those often observed in simpler limb movements; (2) coordination for multimovement actions such as speech is aberrant in PD, as recently claimed; and (3) the component muscle groups involved in this behaviour manifest uniform deficits. Results indicated that despite reduced amplitudes of jaw and upper lip displacement in PD subjects, all three of these oral movements were of normal duration. Secondly, PD lower lip movements manifested no deficits and bradykinesia (reduced velocity) was only found in movements of the jaw. Finally, there was an indication of movement coordination aberrations in these parkinsonian subjects. Overall, these results not only suggest a difference between orofacial and limb movement impairments in PD, but also document the need to broaden our perspectives on this movement disorder by examining a wider range of functional motor tasks.
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PMID:Parkinsonian deficits in serial multiarticulate movements for speech. 277 98

The performance of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) on selective neuropsychological tests was examined in regard to the applicability of such examinations to diagnosis. Thirty-six patients with PD, and twenty age- and education-matched controls were given a battery of tests designed to assess motor and intellectual functions. The PD group displayed significantly lower scores on all tests than those in the control group. Correlation analyses on the several motor and neuropsychological results in PD group revealed that there was a significant negative correlation between bradykinesia and visuospatial tests, and rigidity and memory tests. Results are discussed with respect to the involvement of dopaminergic pathways in the central nervous system.
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PMID:Cognitive function in Parkinson's disease: in relation to motor symptoms. 280 66

Investigation of motor function in a group of 17 patients with Huntington's disease reveals that, in addition to the chorea that many patients exhibit, defects in voluntary motor performance also are evident. Fast simple wrist flexion movements to 15 degrees or 60 degrees were slower, and individual movements showed greater variability than seen in normal subjects. This bradykinesia was most pronounced in those patients who were akinetic and rigid, but also was seen in those with chorea alone; bradykinesia was independent of the drug treatment that the patients were receiving (and was therefore not due to drug-induced parkinsonism). The electromyographic activity of the agonist muscles during such simple but slow movement differed from that seen in Parkinson's disease. The performance of complex movements revealed further deficits. Some patients were unable to combine two movements in a simultaneous or sequential movement task of squeezing the hand and flexing the elbow. Those who could perform these complex movements exhibited slowing of the velocity of the movement and prolongation of the interval between movements. These abnormalities were present in patients with chorea who were not taking neuroleptic drugs. It is argued that they represent an abnormality of motor programming of complex movements, over and above the defect in executing simple movements. The long latency stretch reflexes in wrist flexor muscles and flexor pollicis longus were reduced or absent, but this did not correlate with changes in motor performance, or with the reduced size of the early components of cortical sensory evoked potentials. Bradykinesia is thus shown to be an integral component of the motor disorder of Huntington's disease, in addition to the chorea. The coexistence of bradykinesia and chorea in this illness is compatible with current theories of the role of the basal ganglia in the control of movement.
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PMID:The coexistence of bradykinesia and chorea in Huntington's disease and its implications for theories of basal ganglia control of movement. 296 29

Parkinson's disease (PD), occurring in one million people with 50,000 new cases each year, is the most prevalent degenerative neurological disorder. With symptoms occurring insidiously and gradually, PD typically strikes in the sixth decade of life. Parkinsonian signs and symptoms include the classic combination of resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability. The impact of the disease varies among individuals. Since the experiences of patients with Parkinson's disease are so varied and complex, nurses must play a pivotal role in their care. The quality of life of individuals with PD has changed dramatically since the advent of levodopa (L-Dopa) and other anti-Parkinson drugs. Recently autotransplantation of the adrenal medulla into the caudate nucleus, an investigational surgical treatment for Parkinson's disease, has been developed. Success with this procedure has been reported in two case studies. Autotransplantation is performed in several institutions in the United States. In this paper, the acute nursing care of individuals who have undergone autotransplantation, as well as short-term effects of the procedure on the lives of two patients and their families will be examined. This article addresses traditional medical treatment, physiology of movement and autotransplantation in addition to two case studies.
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PMID:Care of the patient with Parkinson's disease: surgical and nursing interventions. 296 12

Saccadic eye tracking was studied in a monkey given i.v. injections of N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The Parkinson-like symptoms which appeared in the animal's general motor behavior (akinesia, bradykinesia, hypokinesia) were also observed in its eye tracking. Similar oculomotor deficits are seen in patients with idiopathic Parkinsonism. The MPTP model offers excellent possibilities for studying the mechanisms underlying the motor disabilities of Parkinson's disease.
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PMID:Saccadic eye movement deficits in the MPTP monkey model of Parkinson's disease. 302 Dec 80


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