Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030567 (Parkinson's disease)
 63,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This report describes a nonhuman primate model of MPTP-induced hemiparkinsonism and the recovery of motor function following co-grafting of adrenal medullary tissue and peripheral nerve into the lesioned area of the brain. A rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) trained to perform a complex, discrete-trial, operant task served as the subject. After behavioral performance on the task had stabilized and a high level of accuracy was maintained, 0.4 mg/kg MPTP was infused acutely via the left carotid artery to produce a marked impairment of movement of the right arm. Eighteen weeks later, medullary tissue from the left adrenal gland was grafted along with peripheral nerve into the left caudate nucleus. During the original baseline training condition, right- and left-hand performances were comparable on all dependent measures. However, right-hand performance was severely impaired following unilateral MPTP treatment, and left-hand performance was unaffected. Right-hand performance recovered only after adrenal medullary tissue was transplanted with peripheral nerve into the brain. Neuroanatomical analysis of brain tissue showed the anticipated neuronal loss in the left substantia nigra due to MPTP administration and evidence of adrenal medullary cell survival in the area of the co-graft. The data demonstrate that the rhesus monkey and the behavioral task developed during this study can be efficacious in characterizing the effects of MPTP on psychomotor function and in assessing the outcome of new strategies for treating Parkinson's disease.
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PMID:A method for quantitating motor deficits in a nonhuman primate following MPTP-induced hemiparkinsonism and co-grafting. 134 18

Sweating and superficial vasodilator responses were studied in 22 patients suffering from Parkinson's disease in order to evaluate the thermoregulatory function. Sweating was evaluated on different areas of the body with a colorimetric method (Minor's method). The superficial vasodilatation at the level of the face was assessed after oral intake of nitroglycerin by means of telethermography. Sweating and superficial vasodilatation were reduced in parkinsonian patients compared with control subjects. Asymmetries in sweating and superficial vasodilator responses were also observed between the left and right sides of the body in the patients. The decreased heat elimination was more apparent on the symptomatic side in patients with hemiparkinsonism. No relationship was found between the alterations of the thermoregulation and the other clinical features of Parkinson's disease.
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PMID:Alterations of thermoregulation in Parkinson's disease. 174 43

We examined the magnetic resonance (MR) image of midbrain and striatum in 30 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), 10 patients with vascular parkinsonism (VP) and 10 age-matched control subjects. Studies were performed on a high field strength (1.5 tesla) MRI unit. T2 weighted spin echo pulse sequence (TR2500ms/TE40ms) was used. We measured the width of the pars compacta signal in patients and controls on the basis of the method described by Duguid et al. Intensity profiles of a straight line perpendicular to the pars compacta through the center of the red nucleus were made on an image of the midbrain. We measured the width of the valley at half-height between the peaks of intensity representing the red nucleus and the crus cerebri-pars reticulata complex and used this as an index of the width of the pars compacta signal. The results were as follows: 1. The mean width of the pars compacta signal was 2.7 mm (SD = 0.3) in the PD group and 4.3 mm (SD = 0.6) in controls. The difference between the means was highly significant (p less than 0.01). While not significant statistically, there was a trend toward narrowing of the width of pars compacta signal of substantia nigra in the PD group as the Yahr's grade or disease duration progressed. In hemiparkinsonism, MRI revealed significant narrowing of the pars compacta signal on the contra-lateral side to the clinical predominant side compared with the ipsi-lateral side. 2. The mean width of the pars compacta signal was 3.9 mm (SD = 0.4) in the VP group, but the decrease was not significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[MRI in Parkinson's disease and vascular parkinsonism--study on the lesion of substantia nigra]. 193 76

After local surgical exposure, we administrated 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) directly into the right common carotid artery of 5 rhesus monkeys. All the monkeys manifested akinesia, rigidity and postural tremor of the contralateral limbs, and spontaneous circling toward the MPTP treated side. These disturbances began to appear 3-4 days after injection, peaking at one month, and continued until the day of sacrifice. After treatment with madopar and apomorphine, marked improvements of the motor impairments appeared and a striking reversal of the direction of rotation away from the MPTP-treated side occurred in a dose-dependent manner. The ipsilateral neurotoxicity was confirmed biochemically by 99% reduction in the caudate-putamen dopamine levels and histologically by selective cell loss in the substantia nigra of the MPTP-treated side. It is concluded that this primate model of hemiparkinsonism is easy to reproduce and life is maintained with good health otherwise. So it may be more feasible for behavioral and pharmacological studies of Parkinson's disease.
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PMID:Hemiparkinsonism in monkeys following unilateral common carotid artery infusion of MPTP. A study of behavior, biochemistry and histology. 193 58

The neuropsychological effects of Parkinson's disease have gained wide recognition in recent literature. Effects have been documented in almost all areas of cognitive functioning, including general intellectual functioning, visual-spatial functioning, executive functions, attention and memory functions, language functions, and affective processes. Visual-spatial functions, memory functions, and executive functions have received particular interest. This review of the literature is an attempt to tie together the large number of studies in these cognitive areas and to present a suggestion for a comprehensive neuropsychological battery tailored to the patient with Parkinson's disease. Throughout the review, factors relevant to Parkinson's disease, e.g., dementia, motor symptoms, and hemiparkinsonism, are considered.
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PMID:Neuropsychological aspects of Parkinson's disease. 215 31

Adult-onset dystonia-parkinsonism is a syndrome in search of a pathology. We therefore reviewed the literature on dystonic manifestations in autopsy-proven cases of multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). Only 6 of 140 autopsy reports of MSA remarked on the presence of dystonia in life, but personal observations suggest prominent antecollis may develop at some stage in up to 1/2 of sufferers. Similarly, very few (15/118) clinicopathologic observations on PSP included convincing dystonic manifestations, in contrast to some clinical reports where blepharospasm and early limb dystonia were prominent. Virtually any form of focal and segmental dystonia may sometimes occur with clinically diagnosed PD, with occasional descriptions of hemidystonia-hemiparkinsonism. However, there is pathologic confirmation of this diagnosis in only 1 case. With many patients thought clinically to have PD proving pathologically to have another cause for their parkinsonism, the true frequency and the range of dystonic manifestations acceptable in PD remain unknown.
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PMID:Dystonia in Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, and progressive supranuclear palsy. 221 50

Parkinsonism or hemiparkinsonism was induced by administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in four rhesus monkeys, which then received homologous fetal mesencephalon implants into the caudate nuclei. Cavities were prepared in the medial caudate nucleus 2 to 5 weeks before the fetal grafts were implanted. Control studies were conducted in unoperated MPTP-treated animals. Significant behavioral improvement, which occurred within weeks of implantation of fetal mesencephalon, was sustained for up to 7 months. No recovery was seen in the unoperated control animals. Histological examination revealed numerous surviving tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive cell bodies. In addition to the graft, abundant TH-immunoreactive fibers were observed in the host caudate nucleus ventral to the region of the implanted and the nonimplanted cavities. Since TH-immunoreactive cell bodies of the substantia nigra compacta (A-9 cells) were destroyed by MPTP treatment and the ventral tegmental area (A-10) remained intact, it is concluded that sprouting of remaining host dopaminergic fibers occurs. These newly formed fibers appeared to emanate from the mesolimbic projection to the striatum. It is likely that the newly sprouted dopaminergic fibers account for the motor improvement elicited by precavitation and fetal mesencephalon implantation. These results suggest that the mechanism of recovery of parkinsonian primates after implantation of fetal dopaminergic tissue into the caudate nucleus is by stimulation of sprouting from host neurons. They also suggest that, with identification of the factors responsible for the formation of the new dopaminergic neuronal processes and with further development, tissue implantation may be an effective therapy for Parkinson's disease in humans.
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PMID:The effect of fetal mesencephalon implants on primate MPTP-induced parkinsonism. Histochemical and behavioral studies. 198 1

Rats suffering from experimental hemiparkinsonism induced by a unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the left area ventralis tegmenti showed a strong ipsilateral deviation and scoliosis-like skeletal deformity. The rats often showed single rotatory curves affecting the thoracic and lumbar regions, although cases with multiple curves were also found. The severity of the scoliosis was closely related to a decrease in extracellular striatal dopamine measured with microdialysis and to the development of postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity, functionally evaluated with rotational behaviour elicited with apomorphine. Indeed, rats with the strongest dopamine depletion (greater than 95%) and the strongest rotational responses showed the sharpest spinal deviation and skeletal deformity. These findings agree with the clinical observations that scoliosis occurs in patients with Parkinson's disease and its direction is correlated with the side of the major signs and symptoms of parkinsonism.
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PMID:Scoliosis in rats with experimentally-induced hemiparkinsonism: dependence upon striatal dopamine denervation. 230 30

The method of compensation of dopamine (DA) deficit in the striatum by living, DA producing cells implanted into the brain, creates new hopes for patients with Parkinson's disease. In view of many ethical and legal problems, connected in some countries with obtaining human fetal tissue for transplantation, cross-species transplants would be an attractive alternative. The subject of our investigation was the problem of survival and functioning of embryonal substantia nigra (SN) neurons, taken from four species, implanted into the lateral ventricle of rats with denervated striatum. The recipients were 100 inbred rats of the Fisher 344 strain in which hemiparkinsonism was induced by unilateral chemical (6-OHDA) lesion of SN. As donor served foetuses of rabbits, hamsters, mouse CF1 and Sprague-Dawley rats. Immunosuppressive drugs were not applied. The effectiveness of the transplants was estimated by testing the rotational behaviour before and after transplantation over a period of 8 weeks at weekly intervals. Survival of the transplant was evaluated by histological and immunocytochemical methods. Behavioural tests demonstrated a statistically significant improvement persisting in groups of xenografts for three to five weeks. Histological investigations revealed that the time of graft survival corresponds roughly to the period of improvement in the rotational behaviour. The results indicate that without application of immunosuppressive drugs intracerebral transplant between different species survive no more than several weeks. Thus, it is necessary to search for homogenic material for therapeutic transplantations in parkinsonian patients.
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PMID:[Results of cross-species transplantation of substantia nigra to the lateral ventricle of the brain of rats with experimentally-induced Parkinson disease]. 251 74

The symptoms of Parkinson's disease often begin on one side of the body and continue to do so as the disease progresses. First SPECT results in 4 patients with hemiparkinsonism using 99mTc-HMPAO as perfusion marker are reported. Three patients exhibited reduced tracer uptake in the contralateral basal ganglia. One patient who was under therapy for 1 year, showed a different perfusion pattern with reduced uptake in both basal ganglia. These results might indicate reduced perfusion secondary to reduced striatal neuronal activity.
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PMID:[SPECT findings in the hemiparkinson syndrome using 99mTc-HMPAO]. 278 25


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