Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030567 (Parkinson's disease)
 63,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Animal data indicate that serotonin (5-HT) is a major neurotransmitter involved in the control of numerous central nervous system functions including mood, aggression, pain, anxiety, sleep, memory, eating behavior, addictive behavior, temperature control, endocrine regulation, and motor behavior. Moreover, there is evidence that abnormalities of 5-HT functions are related to the pathophysiology of diverse neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia, akathisia, dystonia, Huntington's disease, familial tremor, restless legs syndrome, myoclonus, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, multiple sclerosis, sleep disorders, and dementia. The psychiatric disorders of schizophrenia, mania, depression, aggressive and self-injurious behavior, obsessive compulsive disorder, seasonal affective disorder, substance abuse, hypersexuality, anxiety disorders, bulimia, childhood hyperactivity, and behavioral disorders in geriatric patients have been linked to impaired central 5-HT functions. Tryptophan, the natural amino acid precursor in 5-HT biosynthesis, increases 5-HT synthesis in the brain and, therefore, may stimulate 5-HT release and function. Since it is a natural constituent of the diet, tryptophan should have low toxicity and produce few side effects. Based on these advantages, dietary tryptophan supplementation has been used in the management of neuropsychiatric disorders with variable success. This review summarizes current clinical use of tryptophan supplementation in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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PMID:L-tryptophan in neuropsychiatric disorders: a review. 130 30

A consecutive series of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) were examined for the presence of sleep disturbances, pain, and depression. We found that patients with PD and major depression had significantly more sleep disturbances and severe pain than non-depressed patients with PD. Moreover, depression scores accounted for most of the variance in a stepwise regression analysis of the effect of numerous clinical variables on either sleep disorders or pain severity. These findings suggest that depression is the most important factor associated with the common problems of sleep disorder and pain among patients with PD.
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PMID:Sleep disorders, pain, and depression in Parkinson's disease. 175 57

It has been suggested that sleep may have a positive effect on morning motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). We examined this possibility and also looked at common sleep disorders in PD. Seventy-eight PD patients and 43 normal elderly subjects answered a questionnaire. Of the PD patients, 43.6% reported improved motor symptoms in the morning, 37.2% worse, and 19.2% unchanged compared to the rest of the day. No difference was found between morning-better and -worse groups with respect to age, duration or stage of PD; antiparkinsonian medications utilized, and predominant motor symptoms. However, the morning-same group had a shorter duration of PD and less severe disease and required fewer dopaminergic medications. Sleep disorders were seen with equal frequency in the morning-better and -worse groups. Our results suggest that sleep does not have a direct effect on morning motor function. Alterations in morning motor symptomatology probably represent a manifestation of motor fluctuations. Sleep fragmentation and spontaneous daytime dozing occurred much more frequently in PD patients than controls. In addition, nocturnal vocalizations and daytime hallucinations occurred only in the PD group.
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PMID:Sleep disorders and sleep effect in Parkinson's disease. 225 51

Narcolepsy is a severe debilitating chronic life-long sleep disorder that can be ameliorated but not cured. In the United States, its prevalence is at least 1 in 1000 making it more common than multiple sclerosis or Parkinson's disease. Its symptoms lead to severe lifestyle consequences, with profound impact on the affected persons, their interpersonal relationships, job, school experiences, and family life. Despite this, little has appeared in the nursing literature about the disorder. The most characteristic symptoms include uncontrollable excess daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (bilateral voluntary muscle weakness), sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations and disturbed night-time sleep. Characteristics of normal sleep are reviewed and compared with disturbances seen in narcolepsy. The aetiology, assessment, diagnosis, pharmacologic therapy, non-pharmacologic therapy and psychosocial issues are discussed along with needed research directions.
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PMID:Narcolepsy: a review of a common, life-long sleep disorder. 306 1

Autogenic training (a.t.) as an additional therapeutic method was applied to 20 psychogeriatric inpatients in daily exercises. The patients were suffering from major depression, dementia, psychoneurotic disorders and Parkinson's disease. By using only the basic exercises, supported by some learning helps, 14 out of the 20 patients were able to learn and practice a.t. with quite good success, especially in the treatment of sleep disorders and restless states. Involving the nursal staff proved to be of great importance. Finally special aspects of the application of a.t. in psychogeriatric inpatients are discussed.
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PMID:[Autogenic training in geriatric psychiatry patients]. 366 Sep 22

Brain function can be affected by the availability of dietary precursors of neurotransmitters. This occurs because the rate-limiting synthetic enzymes are not "saturated" with substrate under normal circumstances. Tyrosine affects catecholaminergic neurons that fire rapidly, whether in the brain stem to decrease blood pressure in hypertension or in the adrenal gland to increase blood pressure in hypotension, and has been used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and depression. Choline forms acetylcholine and has been used successfully in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia and memory disorders. Tryptophan, which forms serotonin, has been used for chronic pain therapy, sleep disorders, depression, and appetite control. Although these substances may lack the potency of traditionally used agonists, they offer an increase in specificity because the enzymes necessary to convert them to neurotransmitters are found only in neurons. Precursors are also "physiological"; they are consumed as foods and, therefore, should be relatively safe therapeutic agents.
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PMID:Neurotransmitter precursors and brain function. 612 95

Sleep disorders are frequent and well documented in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The effect of depression and anxiety on sleep in PD patients has not been carefully studied however, despite the fact that both depression and anxiety are common in PD and well known to affect sleep in patients without PD. In this questionnaire study, sleep, anxiety, and depression were evaluated in 99 patients with PD and 47 control subjects. PD patients had significantly higher scores on a variety of sleep variables as well as on measures of anxiety and depression. While anxiety and depression were correlated with some sleep measures, neither contributed significantly to overall variance in sleep quality. The effect on sleep variables was dominated by on-off symptom phenomena, levodopa dose, and age.
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PMID:Sleep in Parkinson's disease. The role of depression and anxiety. 763 13

Sleep disorders occur in 74-98% of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), adversely affecting their quality of life. Sleep disruption takes the form of sleep fragmentation with frequent and prolonged awakenings and daytime sleepiness. Nocturia, difficulty in turning over in bed, painful leg cramps, vivid dreams/nightmares, back pain, limb/facial dystonia and leg jerks are the main causes of nocturnal awakening in PD patients. Sleep disturbance gradually worsens with disease progression, suggesting that it is related to the severity of the disease. Sleep disturbances may be generally considered as part of the normal aging process, being more common in the elderly. However, no significant associations between sleep disturbances and either age or disease duration was found in a survey of 100 PD patients. Disturbed sleep maintenance in PD patients was more severe than in age-matched controls, and nocturnal awakening was frequently caused by nocturia, pain, stiffness and difficulty in turning over in bed. Sleep disturbance is also a complication of chronic levodopa therapy. Recent data suggest that controlled-release levodopa is less likely to cause nocturnal symptoms than standard levodopa, particularly in mild-to-moderate disease. Depression, which is common in PD patients, contributes to sleep disturbance but has a lesser influence than the disease process itself. Hypnotic and sedative agents, as well as anti-depressants if required, are useful in ameliorating sleep disturbances in PD patients; intranasal desmopressin appears to be effective in reducing nocturia.
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PMID:Sleep disorder related to Parkinson's disease. 911 82

In patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, not only the motor disorders, but also disturbances of the autonomic nervous system and the psyche need to be treated. With respect to the autonomic nervous system, such symptoms as hypersalivation, seborrhea, dysregulation of the cardiovascular system, disturbances of the gastrointestinal tract and bladder motility, as also sleep disorders predominate. Also seen in Parkinson's disease are such psychiatric complaints as depression, dementia and psychoses, which latter in particular may also be a consequence of dopaminergic replacement therapy. A number of therapeutic concepts are available for the treatment of these disorders, which are often extremely stressful for the patient and therefore require early treatment.
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PMID:[Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease. Significant impact on quality of life--using possible treatments]. 926 71

The newly identified association of human nonnarcoleptic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQw1 class II genes raises the possibility that RBD may arise from autoimmune mechanisms. Two recent case reports involving postmortem brain stem histochemical analyses in elderly males with RBD identified severe monoaminergic cell loss in the locus ceruleus (LC). Thus, we designed a study to detect anti-LC antibodies in RBD. Ten Caucasian males (mean age, 66 years) with polygraphically confirmed RBD (n = 5, idiopathic RBD: n = 5, RBD with Parkinson's disease), but without narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia, or autoimmune disease, were recruited for this study, along with 10 Caucasian male controls (mean age, 63 years) without a history of sleep disorder or autoimmune disease. In a blinded design, sera from the RBD patients and their controls were tested against human LC and other brainstem neurons. Brainstem tissue was obtained from autopsies of neurologically normal individuals. The presence of anti-LC antibodies was examined using immunohistochemistry on brainstem sections. Sections incubated with sera from normal individuals and sera from patients with paraneoplastic antineuronal antibodies (anti-Hu and anti-Ri) were used as controls. No reactivity with LC or any other brainstem area was identified with sera from either RBD patients or their controls, or from the other group of normal individuals. In contrast, sera from patients with paraneoplastic anti-Hu and anti-Ri antibodies reacted strongly with nuclei of LC and other brainstem neurons, sparing the nucleoli, and reacted to a lesser extent with the cytoplasm of these neurons. Therefore, it is unlikely that human RBD is associated with anti-LC antibodies. However, an autoimmune process in RBD has not been excluded by this study.
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PMID:A controlled study of serum anti-locus ceruleus antibodies in REM sleep behavior disorder. 938 Oct 56


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