Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030567 (Parkinson's disease)
 63,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It has been postulated that some movement disorders are secondary to unresolved, unconscious mental conflict; however, psychotherapeutic intervention has been unsuccessful and psychoanalytic formulations have not been shown to be valid. In addition, there is the interesting observation that some medications, stereotactic surgery and biofeedback have been successful in treating movement disorders. Moreover, as in the cases of amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior, Parkinsonism, the acute dyskinesias, and Tardive Dyskinesia, there is evidence that some involuntary disorders of movement are biochemically mediated. Organicity, in varying degrees and involving different anatomical and physiological areas, has been observed in Tourette's Syndrome, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. These diseases are usually associated with adjustment problems because of the effect that they have on the patient and the patient's family. Some of these psychosocial problems are discussed.
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PMID:Psychiatric aspects of abnormal movement disorders. 613 31

In order to elucidate the mechanism of interaction of a peptide L-prolyl leucyl-glycinamide (PLG) with dopamine receptors, we have studied the action of PLG on dopamine receptors in various brain regions. The results support the hypothesis that specific PLG binding sites exist in the central nervous system and these binding sites (receptors) have a modulatory effect on the sensitivity of dopamine receptors. It is also suggested that PLG and its active analogues warrant further vigorous and systematic clinical trials to establish their therapeutic efficacy in Parkinson's disease, neuroleptic drug induced tardive dyskinesia and related extrapyramidal motor disorders. Studies carried out on solubilized dopamine receptors and adenylate cyclase suggest that dopamine receptors sites coupled to neurolic drug action and adenylate cyclase linked receptor sites might be closely interrelated. The preliminary results on lymphocyte dopamine binding sites suggest an increase in binding in schizophrenic patients, however, receptor criteria (stereospecific binding, saturation, etc.) could not be met for these binding sites (see Rotstein et al., 1983, for details).
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PMID:CNS dopamine receptors: effect of prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide and solubilization. 615 23

The rapid advances in knowledge of basal ganglia circuitry and function in recent years have allowed the construction of a functional scheme to explain many facets of known pathologic states. The dichotomy of Parkinson's disease; akinesia with increased tone, and the mirror effects in Huntington's disease; hemiballismus and tardive dyskinesia, hyperkinesia with decreased tone are explained as due to two outputs of the system with an intervening inhibitory neuron which reverses the sign. The two outputs control different motor functions; pallidothalamic involved primarily with movements and nigrobrainstem involved primarily with muscle tone.
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PMID:The basal ganglia in extrapyramidal dysfunction. 622 39

Abnormal movements or postures often present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the psychiatrist or neurologist. The authors review pertinent anatomy and physiology of disorders of the extrapyramidal system, suggest aspects of the clinical history and examination particularly important for diagnosis, and describe a range of abnormal movements. They review several syndromes in which abnormalities of behavior and movement may occur together, including Huntington's chorea, Wilson's disease, Parkinson's disease, and tardive dyskinesia.
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PMID:Movement disorders in the psychiatric patient. 623 96

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a substance in marihuana, was found to produce a profound potentiation of reserpine-induced hypokinesia in rats as measured with a bar test. In these experiments, THC had no hypokinetic effect by itself but produced a more than 20-fold increase in the hypokinesia produced by reserpine. Reserpine-induced hypokinesia has been viewed as animal model of Parkinson's Disease. THC potentiation of reserpine-induced hypokinesia was observed to be both time- and dose-dependent (1 to 10 mg/kg THC). When administered by gavage to reserpine-pretreated subjects (7.5 mg/kg IP, 24 hours before), THC produced a potentiation of hypokinesia that developed fully within 1 hour, lasted at least 5 hours, and was absent by 12 hours after THC administration. This THC effect was slightly increased by physostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, relatively unaffected by scopolamine, a muscarinic antagonist, and almost completely blocked by ethopropazine, an anticholinergic antiparkinson drug. The effect was completely unaffected by naloxone. Insofar as reserpine has been used with some clinical efficacy in hyperkinetic movement disorders such as Huntington's disease and tardive dyskinesia, it may be that potentiation of reserpine's hypokinetic effect by a drug such as THC could greatly increase the clinical value of reserpine or related drugs in the treatment of these disorders.
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PMID:Tetrahydrocannabinol potentiates reserpine-induced hypokinesia. 627 40

1. In view of previously demonstrated modulatory effects of PLG on the sensitivity of central dopamine receptors, we developed a radioligand binding assay to identify specific binding sites of PLG in rat and normal human brain. 2. 3H-PLG binds specifically to rat striatum exhibiting high affinity (KD = 4.69 +/- 0.50 nM) saturability (Bmax = 9.20 +/- 0.30 fmoles/mg protein) and reversibility; the highest density of specific PLG binding sites occurring in the striatum, followed by the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. 3. Saturable, high-affinity binding sites of PLG were identified in human striatum. The substantia nigra was enriched with the highest level of specific PLG binding sites. 4. Dopamine receptors were identified in human lymphocytes. 5. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that differential modulation of CNS dopamine receptors by PLG is functionally associated with interacting with specific PLG binding sites in the rat and human brain, and pose implications for Parkinson's disease and tardive dyskinesia.
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PMID:CNS putative L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG) receptors, brain and lymphocyte dopamine receptors. 629 84

Over a 14-month period in the outpatient department of a geriatric hospital, 7 female patients over 75 years of age were identified with tardive dyskinesia associated with the use of thiethylperazine. The indication for thiethylperazine treatment had been vertigo or dizziness. 3 of the patients also had symptoms related to cerebral arteriosclerosis and 2 had mild Parkinson's disease without levodopa therapy. None of them were markedly demented nor had chronic psychosis. Tardive dyskinesia appeared after a treatment period of 3 weeks to 6 years. These findings suggest that association of tardive dyskinesia with the use of thiethylperazine is not uncommon in geriatric outpatients.
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PMID:Thiethylperazine and tardive dyskinesia. 650 47

A patient suffering from delusional depression, Parkinson's disease, and tardive dyskinesia (TD) exhibited a marked improvement in mood and parkinsonian symptoms following electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). In contrast, her TD symptoms worsened. The inverse relation between the intensity of TD symptoms on the one hand and the parkinsonian and depressive symptoms on the other is discussed with respect to ECT's effect on central dopaminergic systems.
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PMID:Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on mood, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia in a depressed patient: ECT and dopamine systems. 661 44

A unique case reported of a patient with right-sided Parkinson's disease and left-sided tardive dyskinesia. This situation occurred because the patient's parkinsonian tremor was treated with antipsychotic drugs. After several months she developed tardive dyskinesia on the left side of the body. Successful treatment was achieved nine years later, using dopamine-depleting drugs (combination reserpine and alpha-methylparatyrosine) to suppress the tardive dyskinesia and trihexyphenidyl to reduce the parkinsonism. Control of the symptoms was complicated with parkinsonism symptoms later increased on the right and developed on the left, due to the dopamine-depleting drugs. A small amount of carbidopa/levodopa restored the proper balance of symptoms, effectively reducing the parkinsonism while not aggravating the tardive dyskinesia. This unique case provides insight into the pathogeneis of Parkinson's disease, the pathogenesis of tardive dyskinesia, their successful therapeutic approaches, and possibly the effect of drugs in blocking the progression of Parkinson's disease.
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PMID:Unilateral Parkinson's disease and contralateral tardive dyskinesia: a unique case with successful therapy that may explain the pathophysiology of these two disorders. 693 20

Receptor binding studies with a variety of dopaminergic ligands have confirmed behavioral and biochemical findings that the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system contain several dopamine receptor subtypes. These subtypes can be discriminated on the basis of their agonist-antagonist pharmacological specificities, linkage to adenylate cyclase, cellular location, regulation by guanine neucleotides and ions, and involvement in several human diseases. Although questions remain unanswered, progress is rapidly being made in equating the subgroupings arrived at by these different experimental approaches. Dopamine receptors are regulated by a number of factors. Acutely, guanine nucleotides and some ions regulate agonist but not antagonist binding and are essential for receptor coupling with adenylate cyclase. Chronically, changes in the level of dopaminergic stimulation modulate the number of at least some receptor subtypes, resulting in "up or down regulation." An increase in receptor number appears central to the pathology of Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia, and perhaps schizophrenia. Animal models indicate that it may be possible to exploit inherent capabilities for receptor modulation in clinical therapy. The therapeutic precedents set by the indentification of distinct subtypes of adrenoreceptors. histamine, and cholinergic receptors portends and exciting future for dopamine receptor research.
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PMID:Dopamine receptors: subtypes, localization and regulation. 700 83


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