Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030567 (Parkinson's disease)
 63,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Animal data indicate that serotonin (5-HT) is a major neurotransmitter involved in the control of numerous central nervous system functions including mood, aggression, pain, anxiety, sleep, memory, eating behavior, addictive behavior, temperature control, endocrine regulation, and motor behavior. Moreover, there is evidence that abnormalities of 5-HT functions are related to the pathophysiology of diverse neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia, akathisia, dystonia, Huntington's disease, familial tremor, restless legs syndrome, myoclonus, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, multiple sclerosis, sleep disorders, and dementia. The psychiatric disorders of schizophrenia, mania, depression, aggressive and self-injurious behavior, obsessive compulsive disorder, seasonal affective disorder, substance abuse, hypersexuality, anxiety disorders, bulimia, childhood hyperactivity, and behavioral disorders in geriatric patients have been linked to impaired central 5-HT functions. Tryptophan, the natural amino acid precursor in 5-HT biosynthesis, increases 5-HT synthesis in the brain and, therefore, may stimulate 5-HT release and function. Since it is a natural constituent of the diet, tryptophan should have low toxicity and produce few side effects. Based on these advantages, dietary tryptophan supplementation has been used in the management of neuropsychiatric disorders with variable success. This review summarizes current clinical use of tryptophan supplementation in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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PMID:L-tryptophan in neuropsychiatric disorders: a review. 130 30

A variety of neuropharmacologic agents, including anticholinergic drugs, amantadine hydrochloride, levodopa, selegiline, bromocriptine, and pergolide, are now available for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Of patients treated with dopaminergic agents, 30% develop visual hallucinations, 10% exhibit delusions, 10% have euphoria, 1% have mania, 10% to 15% experience increased anxiety, 15% have confusional periods, and a few exhibit altered sexual behavior. Anticholinergic drugs have a greater tendency to produce confusional states than dopaminergic compounds. Elderly patients and those with underlying dementia are most likely to have untoward side effects with anti-parkinsonism treatment. Dosage reduction is the optimum management strategy, although anti-psychotic agents may be necessary in patients with delusions, and lithium may help control drug-induced mania. Dopaminergic agents share the property of stimulation of D2 dopamine receptors, and this action may play an essential role in mediating their neuropsychiatric effects.
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PMID:Behavioral complications of drug treatment of Parkinson's disease. 206 39

A retrospective review of the records of 755 patients seen by a psychiatric consultation-liaison service in a general hospital was performed. The authors found that 87% of manic patients and 38% of depressed patients had a diagnosis of organic mood disorder. The most frequent precipitants of mania were corticosteroids, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and temporolimbic epilepsy. The most frequent precipitants of depression were stroke, Parkinson's disease, and HIV infection.
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PMID:Causes of organic mood disorder. 252 Oct 90

To elucidate the functional connections between dopaminergic, GABAergic and opioid peptidergic systems in rats, electrophysiological, behavioral, neurochemical and histological investigations have been undertaken, focusing on the changes in drug sensitivity in the central nervous system (CNS). Changes in sensitivity in the CNS can be induced by denervation, chronic administration of antagonists or agonists, and by the inhibition of the axoplasmic transport system. It is conceivable that the changes in sensitivity of the CNS to transmitters may be related to the etiology of mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and mania and may be related to the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Investigation of changes in sensitivity of the CNS to transmitters or drugs may provide the key for elucidating the biological nature of mental illness.
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PMID:Pharmacological studies on the interrelation between the dopaminergic, GABAergic and opioid peptidergic systems in the central nervous system of the rat. 283 48

The authors report a patient whose Parkinson's disease and mania both responded well to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) after failing to respond to chemotherapy. The authors review the literature and suggest that ECT is a safe and effective treatment for affective syndromes associated with Parkinsonism. The presence of dementia in these patients appears to be an indicator of poor prognosis. This paper is believed to be the first report of successful use of ECT in mania occurring together with Parkinsonism.
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PMID:Electroconvulsive therapy in parkinsonism with affective disorder. 316 8

A patient with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and "on-off" phenomena is described. A consistent relationship existed between the "on" (dyskinetic) phases and mania and between the "off" (akinetic) phases and depression. The heuristic interest of this case and its indirect support of the dopamine hypothesis of affective disorder are discussed.
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PMID:"On-off" phenomena and manic-depressive mood shifts: case report. 394 72

I have presented a possible case of mania induced by influenza B. Some epidemic influenza viruses may be neurovirulent. These epidemics seem to be associated with postencephalitic Parkinson's disease, mania, and depression. Viral, neuroanatomic, neurophysiologic, neurochemical, pharmacologic, clinical, and epidemiologic evidence can be found to suggest a connection between the locus ceruleus, the influenza virus, and the induction of a manic psychosis.
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PMID:Influenza and mania: a possible connection with the locus ceruleus. 397 19

GABA-ergic systems are involved in all the main functions of the brain. In most brain regions impairment of this system produces epileptic activity. GABA-mediated inhibitory function can be enhanced by drugs of at least seven different types. They act on the metabolism or synaptic release of GABA, or its reuptake into neurones of glia, or on various components of the GABA receptor complex (GABA recognition site, "benzodiazepine" receptor or chloride ionophore). Among such compounds, those which act most specifically and potently on GABA receptors remain primarily research tools. Among compounds in clinical use, valproate, benzodiazepines, and anticonvulsant barbiturates al enhance GABA-mediated inhibition. In the future, new inhibitors of GABA uptake, new GABA agonists and potent inhibitors of GABA-transaminase are likely to become available. Trials of drugs enhancing GABA-ergic function have been made in a wide variety of neurological disorders. In most forms of epilepsy a therapeutic effect is evident. Real benefit from GABA therapies has not been demonstrated in the principal disorders of movement (Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease, dystonias), except in so far as they have a myoclonic or paroxysmal component. Among psychiatric disorders the acute symptoms of schizophrenia are exacerbated by enhanced GABA-ergic function. Abstinence syndromes (alcohol, barbiturate or narcotic withdrawal) are ameliorated by drugs enhancing GABA-ergic function, and there is some evidence for a beneficial action in anxiety states and mania. Attempts to relate the molecular neurobiology of GABA with clinical pharmacology are of very recent origin. Improved understanding of the variety of GABA receptor mechanisms will provide the key to the more selective pharmacological manipulations that are required for therapeutic success.
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PMID:Pharmacology of GABA. 621 5

This paper documents the recent dramatic shift towards the delivery of psychiatric services in the general hospital setting and outlines the increasing number of special indications for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). These include: delusional depression; depressions which are not responsive to antidepressants; affective illness in geriatric populations, depression, mania or schizophrenia in patients who cannot tolerate medication side effects, and drug-refractory Parkinson's disease. Such technological advances as nondominant unilateral placement of electrodes, brief pulse electrical stimulation, and simultaneous ictal monitoring of EEG and EKG have increased the safety while reducing the side effects of the procedure. In that comparative studies show ECT to have safety and efficacy superior to antidepressant agents in the treatment of severe depressive illness, the author encourages physicians to consider this treatment which is becoming increasingly available through our general hospital services.
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PMID:Electroconvulsive therapy in general hospital psychiatry: a focus on new indications and technologies. 731 23

Depression is commonly associated with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Various antidepressants can be helpful in the treatment of this type of depression. Anticholinergic medications are at times used for treating the motor symptoms of parkinsonism. While some authors have reported euphorigenic effects from anticholinergics in other groups of patients, generally, they have not been used in the treatment of depression, with or without parkinsonism. In the case presented, a depressed patient with Parkinson's disease on levodopa/carbidopa and fluoxetine was given benztropine for his motor symptoms. The result was some improvement in his motor symptoms and a wide, dose-related spectrum of other central nervous system changes ranging from delirium to mania, hypomania, and euthymia from a "baseline" of residual depression. At a very low dose (0.25 mg per day), benztropine appeared to have an augmenting antidepressant effect that rendered the patient euthymic.
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PMID:Anticholinergic effects in a depressed parkinsonian patient. 779 71


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