UMLS:C0030567 - FACTA Search

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Query: UMLS:C0030567 (Parkinson's disease)
63,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Parkinson disease (PD) is increasingly prevalent in the aging population. Spine disorders in patients with PD may be degenerative in nature or may arise secondary to motor effects related to the parkinsonian disease process. Physicians providing care for patients with PD and spine pathologies must be aware of several factors that affect treatment, including the patterns of spinal deformity, complex drug interactions, and PD-associated osteoporosis. Following spine surgery, complication rates are higher in patients with PD than in those without the disease. Literature on spine surgery in this patient population is limited by small cohort size, the heterogeneous patient population, and variable treatment protocols. However, most studies emphasize the need for preoperative optimization of motor control with appropriate medications and deep brain stimulation, as well as consultation with a movement disorder specialist. Future studies must control for confounding variables, such as the type of surgery and PD severity, to improve understanding of spinal pathology and treatment options in this patient population.
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PMID:Management of Spinal Conditions in Patients With Parkinson Disease. 2869 83

Increasing evidence has suggested an independent association between periodontitis and a range of comorbidities, for example cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, psoriasis, and respiratory infections. Shared inflammatory pathways are likely to contribute to this association, but distinct causal mechanisms remain to be defined. Some of these comorbid conditions may improve by periodontal treatment, and a bidirectional relationship may exist, where, for example, treatment of diabetes can improve periodontal status. The present article presents an overview of the evidence linking periodontitis with selected systemic diseases and calls for increased cooperation between dentists and medical doctors to provide optimal screening, treatment, and prevention of both periodontitis and its comorbidities.
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PMID:Comorbidity of periodontal disease: two sides of the same coin? An introduction for the clinician. 2874 36

Aging-related diseases show a marked sex bias. For example, women live longer than men yet have more Alzheimer's disease and osteoporosis, whereas men have more cancer and Parkinson's disease. Understanding the role of sex will be important in designing interventions and in understanding basic aging mechanisms. Aging also shows sex differences in model organisms. Dietary restriction (DR), reduced insulin/IGF1-like signaling (IIS), and reduced TOR signaling each increase life span preferentially in females in both flies and mice. Maternal transmission of mitochondria to offspring may lead to greater control over mitochondrial functions in females, including greater life span and a larger response to diet. Consistent with this idea, males show greater loss of mitochondrial gene expression with age.
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PMID:Sex-Specific Gene Expression and Life Span Regulation. 2878 2

Osteoporosis is a "hidden nonmotor face" of Parkinson's disease and a cause of considerable morbidity in the older general population and in Parkinson's disease patients. Some regard this as a "hidden epidemic." Women are overrepresented and have considerable problems related to osteoporosis. In general osteoporosis leads to reduced mobility aggravating the motor syndrome of PD. The nonmotor aspects and impact of osteoporosis in PD have remained unexplored. Possible nonmotor consequences include a range of pain syndromes related to local pain, fractures, falls, and injuries as well as pathological fractures and radiculopathy. In addition depression, sleep dysfunction, dementia, as well as fear of falling also complicate the clinical picture. Quality of life deteriorates both for the patient and career. Pathways of care do not always include assessments for osteoporosis and needs to become obligatory particularly in older female PD patients. Active management strategies then need to be undertaken for osteoporosis in PD. Related motor and nonmotor consequences also highlight the importance of multidisciplinary treatment in PD particularly when dealing with osteoporosis.
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PMID:Osteoporosis: A Hidden Nonmotor Face of Parkinson's Disease. 2880 87

The motor deficits which characterise the sporadic form of Parkinson's disease arise from age-related loss of a subset of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Although motor symptoms respond to dopamine replacement therapies, the underlying disease process remains. This review details some features of the progressive molecular pathology and proposes deployment of a combination of nutrients: R-lipoic acid, acetyl-l-carnitine, ubiquinol, melatonin (or receptor agonists) and vitamin D3, with the collective potential to slow progression of these features. The main nutrient targets include impaired mitochondria and the associated oxidative/nitrosative stress, calcium stress and impaired gene transcription induced by pathogenic forms of alpha- synuclein. Benefits may be achieved via nutrient influence on epigenetic signaling pathways governing transcription factors for mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant defences and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, via regulation of the metabolic energy sensor AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the mammalian target of rapamycin mTOR. Nutrients also benefit expression of the transcription factor for neuronal survival (NR4A2), trophic factors GDNF and BDNF, and age-related calcium signals. In addition a number of non-motor related dysfunctions in circadian control, clock genes and associated metabolic, endocrine and sleep-wake activity are briefly addressed, as are late-stage complications in respect of cognitive decline and osteoporosis. Analysis of the network of nutrient effects reveals how beneficial synergies may counter the accumulation and promote clearance of pathogenic alpha-synuclein.
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PMID:Alpha-synuclein, epigenetics, mitochondria, metabolism, calcium traffic, & circadian dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. An integrated strategy for management. 2898 35

Vitamin D deficiency has been implicated in a plethora of diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and osteoporosis. Deficiency of this vitamin is a global epidemic affecting both developing and developed nations. Within a clinical context, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of vitamin D is therefore vital. The main metabolic markers for assessing vitamin D status in humans are the hydroxylated forms of vitamin D, 25OHD₃ and 25OHD₂ on account of their long half-lives within the body and excellent stability. An adequate level for healthy individuals of these hydroxylated forms is estimated to be around 20-40ng/ml of blood. There are three main analytical techniques for determining the levels of 25OHD₃ and 25OHD₂. The first technique is immunoassay-based and can be performed in a rapid, high throughput, automated manner, allowing as many as 240 tests per hour with the duration of each assay as little as 18min. Furthermore, it offers excellent sensitivity with a detection range of 3.4-156ng/ml. A major downside of immunoassays is that they are unable to distinguish between the various forms of vitamin D. While HPLC is a highthroughput low cost instrument it is not a very sensitive technique and cannot quantify the down stream metabolites of vitamin D. The third technique, namely liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/), provides excellent sensitivity with a wide dynamic range from 0.068pg/ml to 100ng/ml. Additionally, it offers a high level of separation and permits identification of vitamin D-related metabolites. However, a huge limitation with LC/MS/MS is their poor throughput for sample analyses. As yet, there is no analytical technique which combines the fine detection capabilities of LC/MS/MS and the rapid, automated format of immunoassay, for vitamin D analyses. Future attention therefore needs to be given to this area if the current clinical diagnostic tools for vitamin D analysis are to be further improved.
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PMID:Clinical diagnostic tools for vitamin D assessment. 2898 26

Purinergic signalling, i.e., the role of nucleotides as extracellular signalling molecules, was proposed in 1972. However, this concept was not well accepted until the early 1990's when receptor subtypes for purines and pyrimidines were cloned and characterised, which includes four subtypes of the P1 (adenosine) receptor, seven subtypes of P2X ion channel receptors and 8 subtypes of the P2Y G protein-coupled receptor. Early studies were largely concerned with the physiology, pharmacology and biochemistry of purinergic signalling. More recently, the focus has been on the pathophysiology and therapeutic potential. There was early recognition of the use of P1 receptor agonists for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia and A_2A receptor antagonists are promising for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clopidogrel, a P2Y₁₂ antagonist, is widely used for the treatment of thrombosis and stroke, blocking P2Y₁₂ receptor-mediated platelet aggregation. Diquafosol, a long acting P2Y₂ receptor agonist, is being used for the treatment of dry eye. P2X3 receptor antagonists have been developed that are orally bioavailable and stable in vivo and are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of chronic cough, bladder incontinence, visceral pain and hypertension. Antagonists to P2X7 receptors are being investigated for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. Other investigations are in progress for the use of purinergic agents for the treatment of osteoporosis, myocardial infarction, irritable bowel syndrome, epilepsy, atherosclerosis, depression, autism, diabetes, and cancer.
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PMID:Purinergic Signalling: Therapeutic Developments. 2899 32

An association between arteriosclerosis and homocysteine (Hcy) was first demonstrated in 1969. Hcy is a sulfur containing amino acid derived from the essential amino acid methionine (Met). Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) was subsequently shown in several age-related pathologies such as osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Also, Hcy is associated with (but not limited to) cancer, aortic aneurysm, hypothyroidism and end renal stage disease to mention some. The circulating levels of Hcy can be increased by defects in enzymes of the metabolism of Met, deficiencies of vitamins B₆, B₁₂ and folate or by feeding Met enriched diets. Additionally, some of the pharmaceuticals currently in clinical practice such as lipid lowering, and anti-Parkinsonian drugs are known to elevate Hcy levels. Studies on supplementation with folate, vitamins B₆ and B₁₂ have shown reduction in Hcy levels but concomitant reduction in certain associated pathologies have not been definitive. The enormous importance of Hcy in health and disease is illustrated by its prevalence in the medical literature (e.g. > 22,000 publications). Although there are compelling data in favor of Hcy as a modifiable risk factor, the debate regarding the significance of Hcy mediated health effects is still ongoing. Despite associations between increased levels of Hcy with several pathologies being well documented, whether it is a causative factor, or an effect remains inconclusive. The present review though not exhaustive, is focused on several important aspects of Hcy metabolism and their relevance to health.
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PMID:The metabolism and significance of homocysteine in nutrition and health. 2929 40

Pluripotent stem cells are a resourceful treasure box for regenerative medicine. They contain a large variety of novel materials useful for designing and developing new medicines and therapies directed against many aging-associated degenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, diabetes, osteoporosis, and cancers. Currently, identification of these novel stem cell-specific materials is one of major breakthroughs in the field of stem cell research. Particularly, since the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) in year 2006, the methods of iPSC derivation further provide an unlimited resource for screening, isolating, and even producing theses novel stem cell-specific materials in vitro. Using iPSCs, we can now prepare high quality and quantity of pure stem cell-specific agents for testing their therapeutic functions in treating various illnesses. These newly found stem cell-specific agents are divided into four major categories, including proteins, saccharides, nucleic acids, and small molecules (chemicals). In this article, we herein disclose one of the methodologies for isolating and purifying glycylglycerins-a group of glycylated sugar alcohols that protect hairpin-like microRNA precursors (pre-miRNA) and some of tRNAs in pluripotent stem cells. In view of such a unique RNA-protecting feature, glycylglycerins may be used to preserve and deliver functional small RNAs, such as pre-miRNAs and small interfering RNAs (siRNA), into human cells for eliciting their specific RNA interference (RNAi) effects, which may greatly advance the use of RNAi technology for treating human diseases.
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PMID:Identification and Isolation of Novel Sugar-Like RNA Protecting Materials: Glycylglycerins from Pluripotent Stem Cells. 2943 42

The above article from Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, published online on 18 June 2011 in Wiley Online Library (http://wileyonlinelibrary.com) and in Volume 125, pp. 279-284, has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the Journal Editor-in-Chief Elinor Ben-Menachem and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The Retraction has been agreed due to extensive duplication of previously published material on the part of Dr Sato, who has acknowledged full responsibility. Dr. Iwamoto would like to note the following information related to this retraction: Dr. Sato admitted that he was solely involved in the scientific misconducts. I did not actually participate in Dr. Sato's studies. I am an honorary author of Sato's Papers. When I was preparing the Subject Paper in the year 2012, I clearly was unaware of the fact Dr. Sato was involved in scientific misconducts. REFERENCES Sato Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Amelioration of osteoporosis and hypovitaminosis D by sunlight exposure in hospitalized, elderly women with Alzheimers disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20:1327-1333. Sato Y, Iwamoto J, Honda Y. Amelioration of osteoporosis and hypovitaminosis D by sunlight exposure in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17:22-26. Sato Y, Metoki N, Iwamoto J, Satoh K. Amelioration of osteoporosis and hypovitaminosis D by sunlight exposure in stroke patients. Neurology. 2003;61:338-342. Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Matsumoto H. Sunlight exposure is important for preventing hip fractures in patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, or stroke. Acta Neurol Scand. 2012;125:279-284.
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PMID:Retraction: 'Sunlight exposure is important for preventing hip fractures in patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, or stroke' by J. Iwamoto, T. Takeda and H. Matsumoto. 3013 93

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