Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030567 (Parkinson's disease)
 63,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease do not appear to be distributed smoothly with respect to year of birth. Individuals born within the years 1892, 1904, 1909, 1918, 1919 and 1929 appear to have had an increased risk of developing idiopathic Parkinson's disease in later life. These years are close to those of the influenza pandemics of the period 1890-1930. The estimated risk of an individual developing idiopathic Parkinson's disease shows a significant correlation with the crude influenza mortality for the year of his birth, within the range 1900 to 1930. It is suggested that intra-uterine influenza may be cytotoxic to the developing foetal substantia nigra, and that an affected individual may be born without evident disability but with limited striatal neurochemical reserves and a reduced nigral cell count. In later life normal cellular involution with ageing or exposure to environmental neurotoxic factors may further erode these reserves to a level where the substantia nigra fails and idiopathic Parkinson's disease becomes clinically apparent.
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PMID:Could Parkinson's disease follow intra-uterine influenza?: a speculative hypothesis. 276 96

I have presented a possible case of mania induced by influenza B. Some epidemic influenza viruses may be neurovirulent. These epidemics seem to be associated with postencephalitic Parkinson's disease, mania, and depression. Viral, neuroanatomic, neurophysiologic, neurochemical, pharmacologic, clinical, and epidemiologic evidence can be found to suggest a connection between the locus ceruleus, the influenza virus, and the induction of a manic psychosis.
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PMID:Influenza and mania: a possible connection with the locus ceruleus. 397 19

Epidemiological, viral, behavioral and neuropathological evidence suggests that some influenza epidemics were neurovirulent. Re-examination of the data from the lethal 1918 pandemic armed with recent observations about the influenza virus implicates a neurovirulent influenza virus in manic-depressive disease, schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. The neurovirulence seems to have been related to the species of neuraminidase.
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PMID:Why was the 1918 influenza pandemic so lethal? The possible role of a neurovirulent neuraminidase. 399 96

A case-control analysis of Parkinson's disease and infections in childhood was conducted in a cohort of 50,002 men who attended Harvard College (Cambridge, MA) or the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA) between 1916 and 1950 and who were followed in adulthood for morbidity and mortality data. Cases of Parkinson's disease were identified from responses to mailed questionnaires and death certificates through 1978. Four controls from the same population were selected for each case. A reduced risk of Parkinson's disease was associated with most childhood viral infections. The negative association was statistically significant for a history of measles prior to college entrance (exposure odds ratio = 0.53; 95% confidence limits: 0.31, 0.93). The reduced risk of Parkinson's disease among subjects with a positive history of measles in childhood may reflect an adverse effect of measles in adulthood or of subclinical or atypical measles. Furthermore, a negative history of measles, especially if associated with a lack of other common diseases, could be a marker for negative influenza history before 1918 and thus a higher risk of infection during the 1918 influenza epidemic, because of the lack of partial influenza immunity. These data may also suggest a truly protective effect of measles, compatible with some complex interaction between measles virus and the virus of the 1918 influenza epidemic.
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PMID:Measles infection and Parkinson's disease. 406 37

The investigations related to the etiological role of various viruses in parkinson's Disease are in progress. The role of influenza virus virus was implied, although not definitely proved in post-encephalitic parkinson's Disease. Recent virological and immunological studies are concentrated on influenza and Herpes simplex viruses in idiopathic Parkinsonism. However the evidence obtained is conflicting. More elaborate and detailed research is needed to elucidate the relations between Parkinsonism and the viruses; especially the Herpes simplex virus.
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PMID:[Virologic and immunologic considerations in Parkinson's disease]. 630 77

An epidemiological study of parkinsonism over a 13-year period (1967 through 1979) is presented, updating previous reports on incidence and trend in the population of Rochester, Minnesota. The overall average annual incidence of parkinsonism per 100,000 population was 20.5, adjusted to the 1970 total United States population, which is virtually unchanged from previous observations. Incidences calculated for each calendar year (1967 through 1979) revealed no remarkable change following the 1976 swine flu vaccination program. There was no sex difference and the peak incidence occurred between ages 75 and 84 years. Idiopathic Parkinson's disease was the most common variant (86%), followed by drug-induced parkinsonism (7%). There were no new cases of postencephalitic parkinsonism diagnosed during the study period. Relative frequency of other types of Parkinson's disease as identified by practicing neurologists is presented. For each case two age- and sex-matched controls were selected from the Rochester population. The survival rates in the controls were comparable to the general population of the west north central region of the United States. The mortalities in the patients were significantly higher (p = 0.001) than the controls and were unchanged from previous rates reported from the same community. In the 69 (50%) patients treated with levodopa, the mortality was comparable to that in controls. The favorable outcome in these cases is attributed to bias resulting from selection of healthier patients for treatment.
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PMID:Epidemiology of parkinsonism: incidence, classification, and mortality. 633 4

Amantadine is useful for the prevention and treatment of influenza A and for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders. We have compared the pharmacokinetics of amantadine in patients with impaired or negligible renal function to that in normal subjects. The half-life of elimination in subjects with normal renal function was 11.8 +/- 2.1 hours (range, 9.7 to 14.5 h). Eight patients with various degrees of renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance from 43.1 to 5.9 mL/min . 1.73 m2) had half-lives of elimination from 18.5 h to 33.8 days. We also studied 10 patients on thrice-weekly hemodialysis. Assuming complete bioavailability of the drug, less than 5% of the dose was removed by each 4-hour hemodialysis. The mean half-life of elimination during chronic hemodialysis was 8.3 days (range, 7.0 to 10.3). We present guidelines for use of amantadine in patients with impaired renal function, including those on maintenance hemodialysis.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics of amantadine hydrochloride in subjects with normal and impaired renal function. 721 1

In a 16-year mortality followup of some 293,000 insured U.S. veterans, specific causes of death were studied in relation to smoking status. The main results confirmed earlier findings.Mortality ratios for cigarette smokers as compared with nonsmokers were 1.73 for all causes of death, 1.58 for all cardiovascular diseases, 2.12 for all cancers, and 4.31 for all respiratory diseases. The highest ratios (those greater than 5.0) were observed for cor pulmonale, aortic aneurysm, emphysema and bronchitis, cancer of the pharynx, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the larynx, and cancer of the lung and bronchus. The greatest excess in deaths in terms of observed numbers minus expected was found for the cardiovascular diseases, in particular for coronary heart disease.Mortality ratios for ex-cigarette smokers who had stopped smoking for reasons other than physicians' orders were much lower compared with nonsmokers than the mortality ratios for current cigarette smokers: 1.21 for all causes, 1.15 for all cardiovascular diseases, 1.39 for all cancers, and 2.08 for all respiratory diseases. For most causes of death, the mortality ratios for ex-cigarette smokers who had stopped smoking for reasons other than physicians' orders varied inversely with the number of years of cessation. For some diseases, the mortality risk for the ex-cigarette smoker returned to normal almost immediately after the cessation of smoking, whereas for others, the return to normal was more gradual. The first group included stroke and the combined category of influenza and pneumonia; the second group included cardiovascular diseases as a whole and coronary heart disease. For still other diseases, although the mortality ratio declined with the length of time smoking was discontinued, substantial excess risks remained even after 20 years of cessation. In this third group were aortic aneurysm, bronchitis and emphysema, and lung cancer-diseases with very high mortality ratios for current cigarette smokers. Parkinson's disease remained the one disease that clearly exhibited a negative association with cigarette smoking.
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PMID:Smoking and causes of death among U.S. veterans: 16 years of observation. 738 6

The hypothesis that viruses or other infectious agents may cause schizophrenia or bipolar disorder dates to the 19th century but has recently been revived. It could explain many clinical, genetic, and epidemiologic aspects of these diseases, including the winter-spring birth seasonality, regional differences, urban birth, household crowding, having an older sibling, and prenatal exposure to influenza as risk factors. It could also explain observed immunological changes such as abnormalities of lymphocytes, proteins, autoantibodies, and cytokines. However, direct studies of viral infections in individuals with these psychiatric diseases have been predominantly negative. Most studies have examined antibodies in blood or cerebrospinal fluid, and relatively few studies have been done on viral antigens, genomes, cytopathic effect on cell culture, and animal transmission experiments. Viral research on schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is thus comparable to viral research on multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease: an attractive hypothesis with scattered interesting findings but no clear proof. The application of molecular biological techniques may allow the identification of novel infectious agents and the associations of these novel agents with serious mental diseases.
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PMID:Viruses, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. 770 91

Using data from death certificates, we compared underlying causes of death for two populations of Michigan decedents: (1) persons 40 years of age and older for whom Parkinson's disease (PD) was listed as a contributing cause of death and who died in the years 1970 through 1989, and (2) all persons in Michigan over 40 years of age who died in 1970, 1980, or 1990. PD decedents were approximately 1.5 times more likely to die from cerebrovascular disease and three to four times more likely to die from pneumonia/influenza, but they had just 29% of the expected number of deaths due to cancer. These associations were maintained irrespective of gender or race. PD decedents had diabetes mellitus and heart diseases as frequently as decedents in the general population, but liver diseases were less frequent among PD decedents. These trends held throughout the 21-year study period. When we stratified cancers by whether they are known to be (1) highly related, (2) moderately related, or (3) weakly related or unrelated to smoking, there were still 2.5 times fewer cancers unrelated or weakly related to smoking among PD decedents than among decedents in the general population. We believe that the greater frequency of cerebrovascular disease in PD decedents may be due to a detection bias, since PD patients are more likely to be seen by neurologists, who are more apt to diagnose and document diseases of the nervous system. Pneumonia/influenza is more common among PD patients because of their relative immobility near the end of life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Parkinson's disease and its comorbid disorders: an analysis of Michigan mortality data, 1970 to 1990. 793 38


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