Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0030567 (Parkinson's disease)
 63,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The firing pattern of the neurons of the internal Globus Pallidus (GPi) is greatly disturbed in Parkinson's disease. Surgical lesion or high frequency stimulation (HFS) of the GPi reduces parkinsonian rigidity and akinesia. We evaluated in this study the effects of HFS of the GPi on the firing pattern of its neurons. Extracellular recordings were carried out under three types of experimental conditions in rhesus monkeys, normal state, after MPTP treatment and during HFS of the GPi. After intracarotidian MPTP injection, the firing rate of GPi cells increased significantly. During HFS, MPTP-induced parkinsonian motor symptoms clearly improved correlatively with a significant decrease in the firing rate of GPi cells in the stimulated area. HFS restored a firing frequency similar to that in normal animals and, unexpectedly, did not completely block neuronal activity.
 ...
PMID:High frequency stimulation of the internal Globus Pallidus (GPi) simultaneously improves parkinsonian symptoms and reduces the firing frequency of GPi neurons in the MPTP-treated monkey. 888 Jul 43

The objective of our work was to measure plasma melatonin levels in patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD) following electrical stimulation of the internal globus pallidus (GPi), and to compare these levels with groups of PD patients under drug therapy and healthy controls. The levels of melatonin were measured twice daily at 1000 and 1200. The GPi stimulation at 130 Hz lowered melatonin levels, while no changes were observed in the absence of stimulation. The melatonin levels from healthy subjects were lower than those observed in PD patients. The melatonin levels from PD patients under drug therapy were also measured during the night (2000-2400-0400) and at 0800 in order to observe their circadian changes. The Internal Globus Pallidus (GPi) stimulation was effective in lowering the melatonin levels during the day and, therefore returned these levels to those observed in normal subjects.
 ...
PMID:Melatonin levels in Parkinson's disease: drug therapy versus electrical stimulation of the internal globus pallidus. 931 56

In treatment for severe Parkinson's disease (PD), a recent procedure was developed which consists of implanting electrodes in the internal Globus Pallidus (GPi) for chronic electrical stimulation. The consequences on cognitive function of such an intervention are quite variable. Although most group studies observed no significant post-operative change, individual cases of post-operative cognitive impairment were reported. The present study reports the case of a PD patient who underwent bilateral implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes in the GPi and who, after surgery, suffered from a severe dysexecutive syndrome. An extensive neuropsychological examination showed a selective negative effect of pallidal stimulation on tests assessing executive function. When the stimulation was turned off, the impairment was partly reversible. This observation emphasizes the role of the GPi in executive function.
 ...
PMID:A case of severe dysexecutive syndrome consecutive to chronic bilateral pallidal stimulation. 1086 6

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a new and promising technique for the treatment of movement disorders. Medically intractable Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common indications for DBS. There are three possible subcortical targets for PD, depending on the symptomatology (i.e., the motor subdivision of the thalamus, the globus pallidus internus, the subthalamic nucleus [STN]). Thalamic stimulation has been well established as a safe and effective treatment for essential tremor and the tremor associated with PD. Globus pallidus internus and STN DBS are being investigated for the treatment of all the cardinal signs of PD. This article describes the pathophysiology of PD, the surgical treatment history of PD, surgical techniques used for DBS implants, and the role the perioperative nurse has in the care of the patients undergoing these procedures.
 ...
PMID:Deep brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson's disease. 1100 60

Globus pallidus (GPi) deep brain stimulation can markedly improve severe medication-refractory Parkinson's disease (PD) and dystonia. Appropriate perioperative patient management can assist with electrode implantation. Optimizing stimulation settings and simultaneously adjusting medications (when appropriate) can substantially improve patient outcomes. Although there are a large number of possible stimulation settings, in clinical practice, a relatively narrow range of settings has been shown to be most efficacious. A systematic approach to determining those settings that maximally improve parkinsonism and suppress drug-induced dyskinesias is outlined following a clear algorithm that uses the observation that stimulation of the dorsal and ventral pallidum has been shown to have opposite motor effects in PD. Based on the available literature, recommendations are also made for the use of GPi deep brain stimulation in dystonia.
 ...
PMID:Methods for programming and patient management with deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus for the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease and dystonia. 1194 77

Generalized dystonia is known as a type of movement disorder in which pharmacotherapeutic options are very limited. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is well established for Parkinson's disease (PD) and tremor dominant movement disorders. We report on two cases of generalized dystonia which were successfully treated by chronic high frequency stimulation in the Globus pallidus internus (GPI). Two 26 and 27 years old males suffered from severe torsion dystonia and multisegmental dystonia of the lower limbs. Case 1 is a familiar type of dystonia (DYT1 positive). The onset of symptoms in both cases was at age 7. The complaints were initially treated with orally administered benzodiazepines, anticholinergic drugs, later by baclofen and L-DOPA. However there was no response. Case 2 was a patient with a history of left side dominated dystonia since the age of 8. It was first diagnosed as a psychogenic movement disorder. Prior to surgery he was treated with L-DOPA, anticholinergics, Baclofen without any effect. There was only a limited effect on high doses of diazepam. The patient is DYT1 negative. The target point was on both sides the GPI. Intraoperative computerized tomography (CT) and ventriculography (VG) were used for target setting. Furthermore microrecordings were helpful to ensure the exact electrode position. Surgery was performed under analgosedation. Two weeks after surgery we first observed a relief of symptoms in both cases. A significant reduction in the Burke-Fahn-Marsden-Dystonia Movement Rating Scale was observed at the 6 month follow-up (case 1: 95%, case 2: 80%). In case 1 a slight dystonic movement of the left ankle was the only remaining symptom under stimulation. The medication was continuously reduced. At the 24 month follow-up the effect of stimulation remained unchanged. However high stimulation parameters are required to maintain an optimal effect (mean 3.5 V, 400 microseconds, 145 Hz).
 ...
PMID:Deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus (GPI) for torsion dystonia--a report of two cases. 1197 95

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS, chronic high frequency stimulation) is well established for Parkinson's disease and tremordominant movement disorders. Generalized dystonia is known as a type of movement disorder in which therapeutic options are very limited. A case of generalized dystonia is reported which was successfully treated by DBS in the Globus pallidus internus (GPI). A 26 years old male suffered from severe torsion dystonia of the lower limbs. The onset of symptoms was at age 7. It started with dystonia of the left foot. He very fast developed severe dystonia of the lower limbs. These complaints were initially treated by diazepam, later by baclofen (Lioresal ((R))) p.o em leader There was no L-DOPA response. Because of the rapid progression of the disease a cervical spinal cord stimulator was implanted with a transient success. Due to further progression of the disease the patient became wheelchair bounded and resistant for oral medication. Limited improvement of symptoms was achieved using continuous intrathecal administration of baclofen. Finally the patient was treated with 980 microgram intrathecal Baclofen (Lioresal ((R))) daily and up to 100 mg diazepam. Under these conditions the patient remained wheelchair bounded with severe lower limb dystonia. As an ultima ratio it was decided to treat the patient with stereotactic implantation of two electrodes (Medtronic 3387) and two neurostimulators (Medtronic ITREL ((R))II). The GPI was the bilateral target point. Intraoperative computerized tomography and ventriculography were used for target setting. Furthermore microrecordings were helpful to ensure the exact electrode positioning. Surgery was performed under sedation. Two weeks after surgery first improvement of symptoms was observed. Patient was able to stand with assistance. At the three months follow-up he could walk without assistance. Slight dystonic movement of the left ankle was the only remaining symptom under stimulation. The oral medication has been continuously reduced. After 6 months it was stopped. The intrathecal administered baclofen was diminished to 250 microgram daily. At the 24 months follow-up the effect of stimulation remained unchanged. However high stimulation parameters are required to maintain an optimal effect (3,5 V, 400 microseconds 145 Hz for both sides). Deep Brain Stimulation of the Globus Pallidus internus is an alternative approach for severe cases of generalized dystonia.
 ...
PMID:[Chronic high frequency deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus for torsion dystonia]. 1209 79

There has been a renaissance in the surgical management of Parkinson's disease. This has been due to long-term effects of levodopa and a better understanding of the basal ganglia and its circuitry. Ablative surgery and neurostimulation are the only realistic surgical options at present. Although surgical treatments, such as ablation and stimulation are effective, they are not useful for stopping the progression or restoring the system. Neural transplantation helps restore the system by using a number of techniques. Targets mostly used are in the thalamus, globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus. A number of factors must be considered including patient's age, disability and his wishes. Globus pallidus stimulation might be preferable for patients who suffer from dyskinesia as a major source of disability. Pallidotomy might be appropriate in cases where frequent stimulator adjustments are impractical. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation is more suitable for patients with significant off periods and in younger patients in whom it may be desirable to maintain intact circuitry. Fetal neural transplantation, stem cell transplantation, xenotransplantation, adrenal medullary transplantation and transplantation of genetically engineered cells are at various stages of development and research. Ethical issues surrounding these process are likely to arouse strong emotions and have to be carefully considered.
 ...
PMID:Current surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease. 1250 87

In this paper we present 2D and 3D visualization techniques that are part of our ongoing effort to improve the accuracy of neurosurgical procedures such as 'Pallidotomy' and 'Deep Brain Stimulation' (DBS), which are performed to alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The precise targeting and mapping of structures in the Basal Ganglia particularly the internal Globus Pallidus (GPi) using a combination of stereotactic frame- registered Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and intraoperative microelectrode recording (IMR) is key to the success of these procedures. We have designed a set of software components, including a knowledge-based system (KBS), a digital signal processing module and a 2D/3D imaging system with automated mapping paradigm, which will work in combination to improve upon the standards currently in use. The imaging system will be the focus of this publication.
 ...
PMID:3D visualization methods to guide surgery for Parkinson's disease. 1545 69

The deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment modality of the functional neurosurgery for disorders such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor and generalized dystonia. Recently, the targets of DBS for treatment of Parkinson's disease are the thalamus, the Globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus (STN). The STN-DBS induces improvements in axial motor fluctuation and the on-off phenomenon. The important problem for STN-DBS is that DBS is inserted properly into the STN for good results. The STN is a small body in the deep brain structures. We cannot understand the STN clearly because of its small size and complex shape. The topographical information of deep brain structures has been essential for accurate stereotactic placement of the stimulating electrode of DBS. The target of a deep brain structure is based on the Schaltenbrand and Wahren atlas (S-W atlas). The S-W atlas consists of two-dimensional images such as a coronal section. For this reason, it is difficult to understand localization and the shape of deep brain structures spatially, especially of the subthalamic nucleus on S-W atlas. The three-dimensional image is a useful tool for diagnosis and preoperative planning, because it can easily give neurosurgeons the vivid spatial image of complex structures. We studied a practical use of a three-dimensional atlas of deep brain structures in functional neurosurgery. We devised a three-dimensional atlas to see an image at a free angle on a personal computer. It provided us with more useful information about structures than ones by two-dimentional images. Three-dimensional atlas also helped us make a decision for placement of the deep brain electrode and appropriate electrophysiological recording.
 ...
PMID:[Three-dimensional atlas of subthalamic nucleus and its adjacent structures]. 1600 9


1 2 3 4 Next >>