Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030567 (Parkinson's disease)
 63,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In Fischer rats infected with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) at 13 days after birth and sacrificed 12 weeks later, the major pathological changes resembled those found in Parkinson's disease. Specifically there was neuronal loss with gliosis which was confined mainly to the zona compacta of the substantia nigra, with a notable absence of lesions in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Changes were bilateral being most severe in the central part of the zona compacta. Immunohistochemical studies with anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) demonstrated that the number of TH-positive neurons was significantly decreased in the substantia nigra compared to controls, while comparable numbers of TH-positive neurons were found in the basal ganglia in both JEV-treated rats and age-matched controls. JEV-infected rats showed marked bradykinesia, with significant behavioral improvement being observed following administration of L-DOPA. Immunohistochemical studies failed to detect JEV antigens in any region of the rat brain and the JEV genome was undetectable in the substantia nigra and the cerebral cortex using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The findings suggest that JEV infection of rats under the conditions described may serve as a model of virus induced Parkinson's Disease.
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PMID:A rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by Japanese encephalitis virus. 911 Nov 76

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) has been reported to have some possibilities toward the treatment of affective CNS disorders. However, long term treatments with daily injections are often required. Effects of TRH-SR (sustained release microspheres of TRH) which is encapsulated in copoly (dl-lactic/glycolic acid) using an in-water drying method were investigated in experimental Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)-induced post-encephalitic parkinsonism rats by a pole test and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an electrochemical detector (ECD). We have already reported that in adult Fischer rats killed 12 weeks after infection with JEV at the age of 13 days a marked decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons was found in the bilateral substantia nigra. TRH-SR (3 mg/kg per 2 weeks, 4 times injections, subcutaneous [s.c.]) improved bradykinesia observed in the JEV-induced parkinsonism rats. Dopamine (DA) concentrations in the JEV-infected rats were profoundly reduced in the striatum as compared with controls. TRH-SR (3 mg/kg, once, s.c.) increased DA in the striatum 7 days after the injection. Although the pathomechanism of post-encephalitic parkinsonism is different from that of Parkinson's disease and TRH possesses a variety of CNS effects as well, these results suggest that TRH-SR play a possible role in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in addition to post-encephalitic parkinsonism as a supportive drug of L-DOPA.
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PMID:Sustained release dosage of thyrotropin-releasing hormone improves experimental Japanese encephalitis virus-induced parkinsonism in rats. 974 96

Isatin (indole-2,3-dione), an endogenous inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO), has several physiological properties for stress and anxiety. We previously identified isatin in the brain of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) using gas-chromatography mass spectrometry. This study elucidated the effects of isatin on the ACh and DA levels of brain tissues in rats. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of isatin on DA levels in a rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by Japanese encephalitis virus. Striatal ACh and DA levels significantly increased at 2 hours after isatin (50-200 mg/kg, i.p.) administration. Perfused through a microdialysis probe, isatin (10(-6)-10(-4) M) also produced a significant and concentration-dependent increase in the ACh and DA concentrations in the perfusate from the rat striatum. Furthermore, urinary isatin concentrations in patients with Parkinson's disease tend to increase according to the severity of disease. Isatin (100 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased striatal DA levels in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. These results suggest that urinary isatin may become a diagnostic marker for the clinical severity of Parkinson's disease and that endogenous isatin, a new biological modulator, may play a role in the regulation of the brain levels of ACh by increasing the level of DA under stress.
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PMID:[Effects of isatin, an endogenous MAO inhibitor, on dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) concentrations in rats]. 1062 78

The spectrum of movement disorders in the tropics is different from that seen in the industrialized nations of the west. This is not surprising given the unique combination of environmental and population characteristics in the tropics. Infections seldom encountered in the west such as tuberculous meningitis, typhoid fever, Japanese encephalitis, malaria, trypanosomiasis or cysticercosis are often seen in the tropics and with global patterns of travel and immigration these conditions are becoming more common worldwide. Movement disorders associated with these infections, HIV, slow virus and prion disease are discussed. Taking into account the diverse etiologies of movement disorders in the tropics, movement disorders with a nutritional basis such as the infantile tremor syndrome, seasonal ataxia and tropical ataxic neuropathy, and manganese neurotoxicity are also reviewed. Finally, certain special characteristics of ubiquitous disorders such as Parkinson's disease, and disorders with a genetic basis such as Wilson's disease and spinocerebellar degeneration are described.
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PMID:Movement disorders in the tropics. 1247 95

Isatin, an endogenous monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, has an important role in the control of neurotransmitter concentration. We previously reported that exogenously administered isatin significantly increased acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine (DA) levels in the rat striatum. In order to test the possibility of treating Parkinson's disease by isatin, we evaluated DA levels in the striatum and bradykinesia using a rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV).We have already reported that in adult Fischer rats infected with JEV at day 13, there was a marked decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the bilateral substantia nigra after 12 weeks. Effects of isatin were investigated in JEV-induced post-encephalitic parkinsonism rats by a pole test and high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) with an electrochemical detector (ECD). Isatin (100 mg/kg per day for 1 week, intraperitoneal injection) improved the bradykinesia observed in the JEV-induced parkinsonism rats. Dopamine (DA) concentrations in the JEV-infected rats were profoundly reduced in the striatum as compared with controls. Isatin also increased DA in the striatum of parkinsonism rats. These results suggest that isatin could be a possible treatment for Parkinson's disease as well as for post-encephalitic parkinsonism.
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PMID:Isatin, an endogenous MAO inhibitor, improves bradykinesia and dopamine levels in a rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by Japanese encephalitis virus. 1248 89

We previously reported that exogenously administered isatin, an endogenous monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, significantly increased acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine (DA) levels in the rat striatum. Selegiline [(-)-deprenil] was developed as a MAO-B inhibitor more than 30 years ago and widely used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Effects of isatin or selegiline were investigated in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)-induced post-encephalitic parkinsonism rats by a pole test for detecting motor activity and by the determination of biogenic amine levels. Motor activity of JEV-induced rats receiving isatin (100 mg/kg per day for 1 week, i.p.) or selegiline (0.2 mg/kg per day for 1 week, i.p.) was significantly improved compared with that of untreated JEV-infected rats. Both isatin and selegiline prevented the decrease in striatal DA levels in JEV-rats. The increased turnover of DA (DOPAC/DA) induced by JEV was significantly inhibited by isatin, but not by selegiline. These results suggested that exogenously administered isatin and selegiline can improve JEV-induced parkinsonism by increasing DA concentrations in the striatum.
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PMID:Comparative study of the effects of isatin, an endogenous MAO-inhibitor, and selegiline on bradykinesia and dopamine levels in a rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by the Japanese encephalitis virus. 1469 95

Norepinephrine and dopamine have important role in movement disorders but their role in movement disorders associated with Japanese encephalitis (JE) has not been evaluated. Therefore, in the present study, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) catecholamine levels and its metabolites in JE patients with movement disorders were compared with those without JE. CSF was collected by lumbar puncture and analyzed by HPLC-ED. Norepinephrine, dopamine and homovanillic acid concentrations were significantly (P<0.005) lower in JE patients compared to control groups. Low levels of catecholamines in JE associated movement disorders compared to idiopathic Parkinson's disease and other extrapyramidal symptoms may be due to severe structural damage to thalamus, basal ganglia and brainstem in JE patients as revealed by MRI findings.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid catecholamine levels in Japanese encephalitis patients with movement disorders. 1629 98

A single dose of isatin (indole-2,3-dione)(i.p.), an endogenous MAO inhibitor, significantly increased norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations in the rat brain and also significantly increased acetylcholine and dopamine (DA) levels in the rat striatum. Urinary isatin concentrations in patients with Parkinson's disease tend to increase according to the severity of disease. We have developed a rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The distribution of the pathological lesions of JEV-rats resemble those found in Parkinson's disease. Significant behavioral improvement was observed in JEV-rats after isatin, L-DOPA and selegiline administration using a pole test. Both isatin and selegiline prevented the decrease in striatum DA levels of JEV-rats. The increased turnover of DA (DOPAC/DA) induced by JEV was significantly inhibited by isatin, but not selegiline. These findings suggest that JEV-infected rats may serve as a model of Parkinson's disease and that exogenously administered isatin and selegiline can improve JEV-induced parkinsonism by increasing DA concentrations in the striatum.
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PMID:Isatin, an endogenous MAO inhibitor, and a rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by the Japanese encephalitis virus. 1744 19

Parkinson's disease is a debilitating neurological disorder that affects 1-2% of the adult population over 55 years of age. For the vast majority of cases, the etiology of this disorder is unknown, although it is generally accepted that there is a genetic susceptibility to any number of environmental agents. One such agent may be viruses. It has been shown that numerous viruses can enter the nervous system, i.e. they are neurotropic, and induce a number of encephalopathies. One of the secondary consequences of these encephalopathies can be parkinsonism, that is both transient as well as permanent. One of the most highlighted and controversial cases of viral parkinsonism is that which followed the 1918 influenza outbreak and the subsequent induction of von Economo's encephalopathy. In this review, we discuss the neurological sequelae of infection by influenza virus as well as that of other viruses known to induce parkinsonism including Coxsackie, Japanese encephalitis B, St. Louis, West Nile and HIV viruses.
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PMID:Viral parkinsonism. 1876 Mar 50

The mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus is the major etiological agent of viral encephalitis in children living in South-East Asia, causing comas, seizures and Parkinson's disease-like movement disorders. Travelers and military personnel visiting the region are also highly susceptible to the disease. As the population in South-East Asia increases, more land is irrigated to produce rice paddies (the ideal breeding habitat for mosquitoes), and pig breeding (a zoonotic host for mosquitoes) becomes more widespread. Given the exponential growth in tourism to the region and the globalization of business and commerce, an enhanced requirement for mass vaccination exists. In the West, the current licensed vaccine against JE, JE-VAX, has been highly effective; however, the use of mouse brain-derived virus has been linked to cases of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Intercell AG, under license from VaccGen International LLC, is developing IC-51, a formalin-inactivated vaccine derived from cell culture-based attenuated virus that has been adapted to grow in Vero cells (African green monkey kidney cells). In extensive clinical trials performed to date, IC-51 was safe, with mild to moderate adverse events reported. In terms of immunogenicity, IC-51 was highly effective, demonstrating rapid seroconversion rates and long-term maintenance of geometric mean titers that exceeded the protective titer. The results suggests that IC-51 is fully compliant with the stringent regulatory requirements set by the WHO, has an acceptable safety profile and is non-inferior to JE-VAX.
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PMID:IC-51, an injectable vaccine for the prevention of Japanese encephalitis virus infection. 1916 64


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