Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030567 (Parkinson's disease)
 63,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

One characteristic of the Limousin district is the raised average age of its population. Given the growing average age found in France and the ensuing potential problems, it was thought useful to undertake a neuro-epidemiological study of the distribution of neurological diseases in this region. The initial step involved checking the techniques to be used and the form of questionnaire relevant to this type of study. Following W.H.O. recommendations, the total population of one small town was surveyed, and the distribution of various neurological ailments was thus measured (headaches, migraine, cluster headaches: 12.73 p. 100, transient ischemic attack: 1.89 p. 100, stroke: 1.36 p. 100, epilepsy: 1.68 p. 100. Parkinson's disease 1.47 p. 100, dementia: 0.31 p. 100, misc: 0.84 p. 100). These figures were compared with the results from similar pilot projects carried out elsewhere around the world. The results obtained in this preliminary study enabled us to perfect the methods, and to perform a more extensive survey of a representative cross section of the Limousin population. This larger study will be published later.
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PMID:[A neuro-epidemiologic survey in a Limousin town]. 326 31

The electrical effects on the nervous system have been known for long. The excitatory effect has been used for diagnostic purposes or even for therapeutic applications, like in pain using low-frequency stimulation of the spinal cord or of the thalamus. The discovery that High-Frequency Stimulation (HFS) mimics the effect of lesioning has opened a new field of therapeutic application of electrical stimulation in all places where lesion of neuronal structures, such as nuclei of the basal ganglia, had proven some therapeutic efficiency. This was first applied to the thalamus to mimic thalamotomy for the treatment of tremor, then to the subthalamic nucleus and the pallidum to treat some advanced forms of Parkinson's disease and control not only the tremor but also akinesia, rigidity and dyskinesias. The field of application is increasingly growing, currently encompassing dystonias, epilepsy, obsessive compulsive disease, cluster headaches, and experimental approaches are being made in the field of obesity and food intake control. Although the effects of stimulation are clear-cut and the therapeutic benefit is clearly recognized, the mechanism of action of HFS is not yet understood. The similarity between HFS and the effect of lesions in several places of the brain suggests that this might induce an inhibition-like process, which is difficult to explain with the classical concept of physiology where electrical stimulation means excitation of neural elements. The current data coming from either clinical or experimental observations are providing elements to shape a beginning of an understanding. Intra-cerebral recordings in human patients with artefact suppression tend to show the arrest of electrical firing in the recorded places. Animal experiments, either in vitro or in vivo, show complex patterns mixing inhibitory effects and frequency stimulation induced bursting activity, which would suggest that the mechanism is based upon the jamming of the neuronal message, which is by this way functionally suppressed. More recent data from in vitro biological studies show that HFS profoundly affects the cellular functioning and particularly the protein synthesis, suggesting that it could alter the synaptic transmission by reducing the production of neurotransmitters. It is now clear that this method has a larger field of application than currently known and that its therapeutical applications will benefit to several diseases of the nervous system. The understanding of the mechanism has opened a new field of research, which will call for reappraisal of the basic effects of electricity on the living tissues.
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PMID:Therapeutic electrical stimulation of the central nervous system. 1577 Oct 4

Neuroimaging in recent years has greatly contributed to our understanding of a wide range of aspects related to central neurological diseases. These include the classification and localization of disease, such as in headache; the understanding of pathology, such as in Parkinson's disease (PD); the mechanisms of reorganization, such as in stroke and multiple sclerosis (MS); and the subclinical progress of disease, such as in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Apart from presurgical mapping, however, the clinical applications so far are limited. Nevertheless, functional imaging does enable the formulation of neurobiological hypotheses that can be tested clinically, and thus is well suited for testing classic clinical hypotheses about how the brain works. Understanding the mechanisms and sites of pathology, such as has been achieved in cluster headaches, facilitates the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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PMID:Role of functional imaging in neurological disorders. 1664 7

Neuroimaging has in recent years greatly contributed to our understanding of a wide range of aspects of central neurological diseases. These include the classification and localization of disease (e.g., in headache), the understanding of pathology (e.g., in Parkinson's disease), mechanisms of reorganization (e.g., in stroke), and the subclinical progress of disease (e.g., in degenerative diseases). Apart form presurgical mapping, clinical applications of fMRI are limited. However, functional imaging enables the formulation of neurobiological hypotheses that can be tested clinically and is suited to test classical clinical hypotheses about how the brain works. Understanding the mechanisms and the site of pathology, e.g., in cluster headaches, will lead and has led to new therapeutic strategies. New methodological developments for neuroscientific applications are aimed at the integration of functional and morphological connectivity through a combination of magnetic resonance techniques (fMRI, DTI) and electrophysiological (EEG, MEG) recordings. In addition to stimulus-dependent activations, resting state activity has found increasing interest, for example, in sleep research and various psychiatric diseases (e.g., schizophrenia, borderline).
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PMID:[Neuroimaging in medicine]. 2070 Jul 79

Electro-modulation of subcortical deep brain structures by surgically implanted electrodes is now standard evidence-based treatment for movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease and essential tremor and is approved for dystonia and obsessive-compulsive disorder under a humanitarian exemption. Historically, deep brain stimulation (DBS) for multiple indications has demonstrated acceptable complication rates, rare mortality, and reducing morbidity as the technology and the techniques of its application have advanced. DBS for the amelioration of pain has been performed since the early 1950s, and became widely used in the 1970s, when targeting the somatosensory thalamus was shown to be efficacious for intractable pain syndromes including facial pain. The technique fell out of favour in the late 1990s after 2 multicentre trials failed to meet end-point criteria. Since these trials, DBS for pain has remained for investigational or "off-label" use. Criticisms from previous literature have involved unsuitability of patient selection, as well as inconsistencies in neurosurgical technique. Clinical success with DBS for facial pain has been for the treatment of a variety of chronic neuropathic and nociceptive pain syndromes; including trigeminal neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, deafferentation facial pain, "atypical" facial pain, cluster headaches and other trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, as well as head and neck pathologies, most often which have been resistant to all other 1st- and 2nd-line medical and surgical treatments, when DBS has become a "last treatment option." An enhanced understanding of the mechanisms of action of DBS for pain will enhance outcome, and appropriately prescribe evolving novel nuclear brain targets.
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PMID:Deep Brain Stimulation for Facial Pain. 3290 39