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Query: UMLS:C0030567 (Parkinson's disease)
 63,064 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

How early-life events "set the stage" for adult disease has emerged as a research focus. Historically, the epidemiology of disease risk factors has centered on adult life, with little scrutiny of early-life events. Here we review the concept that events in early life may contribute to late-life neurodegenerative disease development, with a focus on Parkinson disease (PD) and Alzheimer disease (AD). Suspect events in early life include infections, stress, poor nutrition, and environmental factors such as chemical and pesticide exposure. Adiposity appears to contribute to both PD and AD; and because early-life events contribute to the development of obesity, linkages may exist between early determinants of obesity and the subsequent development of these neurologic diseases. Many now suggest a life-course approach for determining the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors in any chronic disease. This requires determining when during the life course that a given exposure has its greatest effect and how exposures may accumulate over the life span. The data for PD and AD suggest that a number of insults occurring early in life may lead or contribute to these diseases. More definitive knowledge of the key risk factors involved will be needed to implement intervention and preventative strategies early in life to dampen or prevent any adverse late-life outcomes.
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PMID:Do early-life insults contribute to the late-life development of Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases? 1880 66

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease for which there are few therapeutic regimens that influence the underlying pathogenic phenotypes. However, of the currently available therapies, exercise training is considered to be one of the best candidates for amelioration of the pathological phenotypes of AD. Therefore, we directly investigated exercise training to determine whether it was able to ameliorate the molecular pathogenic phenotypes in the brain using a neuron-specific enolase (NSE)/Swedish mutation of amyloid precursor protein (APPsw) transgenic (Tg) mice as a novel AD model. To accomplish this, Non-Tg and NSE/ APPsw Tg mice were subjected to exercise on a treadmill for 16 weeks, after which their brains were evaluated to determine whether any changes in the pathological phenotype-related factors had occurred. The results indicated (i) that amyloid beta-42 (Abeta-42) peptides were significantly decreased in the NSE/APPsw Tg mice following exercise training; (ii) that exercise training inhibited the apoptotic biochemical cascades, including cytochrome c, caspase-9, caspase-3 and Bax; (iii) that the glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) proteins induced by exercise training protected the neurons from injury by inducing the concomitant expression of genes that encode proteins such as superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1), catalase and Bcl-2, which suppress oxidative stress and excitotoxic injury; (iv) that heat-shock protein-70 (HSP-70) and glucose-regulated protein-78 (GRP-78) were significantly increased in the exercise (EXE) group when compared to the sedentary (SED) group, and that these proteins may benefit the brain by making it more resistant to stress-induced neuron cell damage; (v) and that exercise training contributed to the restoration of normal levels of serum total cholesterol, insulin and glucose. Taken together, these results suggest that exercise training represents a practical therapeutic strategy for human subjects suffering from AD. Moreover, this training has the potential for use in new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of other chronic disease including diabetes, cardiovascular and Parkinson's disease.
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PMID:Exercise training acts as a therapeutic strategy for reduction of the pathogenic phenotypes for Alzheimer's disease in an NSE/APPsw-transgenic model. 1881 61

Because dementia is a powerful predictor of dependence, people with this disease are those that live longest with disability. Dementia is the chronic disease provoking the greatest dependence at 12, 24, and 36 months after diagnosis, ahead of other diseases such as stroke, Parkinson's disease and cardiovascular disease. Many of us are aware of the devastating consequences of dementia, but few know how to recognize the symptoms in the initial phases. To rectify this situation, increased public information and training for health professionals is required. To improve the care of the distinct phases of dementia, progress must be made in three areas: dementia must be considered a public health priority, the erroneous belief that nothing can be done for patients with a diagnosis of dementia must be combatted and, finally, no less importantly, knowledge of how to recognize incipient dementia must be acquired. People with dementia less frequently receive palliative care than patients with cancer, despite clearly sharing the need for care in the advances stages of the disease and frequent requests by relatives and carers. In summary, action can be taken to improve the early diagnosis of dementia and the care of the distinct phases of the disease, thus delaying and/or minimizing dependency. Finally, comfort measures at the end stage can be improved.
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PMID:[What should be done and not done throughout the process of dementia? Dialogue and aid]. 1976 57

Parkinson's disease (PD) belongs to degenerative diseases of brain in which, apart from many somatic symptoms, there also occur depressive disorders of mental sphere. This paper presents possible reasons for the development of depression in PD: psychological resulting from the presence and the development of chronic disease as well as neurochemical disorders that reveal in this background. It has been highlighted that the presence of PD has a significant effect on the patients' life quality The paper discusses possible important factors for the progress of depression syndromes: decrease in everyday life activities, somatic state heaviness, worsening of motor functions, cognitive deficits. The possible occurrence of typical depression syndrome manifested in PD, its modifications and possible axial symptoms were analyzed. Two modifications of depression syndrome were also described. The results of the study on the increased lethality in patients with PD were presented. Special attention was paid to the occurrence of apathy with no key signs of depression syndrome. The existence of relations linking the apathy with cognitive disorders were highlighted. The paper discusses the occurrence of factors that may affect the revealing of apathy, as well as the presence of possible brain dysfunctions in patients.
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PMID:[Depression in Parkinson's disease]. 1985 89

We examined potential neurocognitive mechanisms of indirect speech in support of face management in 28 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 32 elderly controls with chronic disease. In experiment 1, we demonstrated automatic activation of indirect meanings of particularized implicatures in controls but not in PD patients. Failure to automatically engage comprehension of indirect meanings of indirect speech acts in PD patients was correlated with a measure of prefrontal dysfunction. In experiment 2, we showed that while PD patients and controls offered similar interpretations of indirect speech acts, PD participants were overly confident in their interpretations and unaware of errors of interpretation. Efficient reputational adjustment mechanisms apparently require intact striatal-prefrontal networks.
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PMID:Social cognition of indirect speech: Evidence from Parkinson's Disease. 2016 57

Despite of new therapy methods there currently is no perspective for healing or stopping the course of Parkinson's disease. Because of this and the predicted increase of the number of people suffering from parkinsonian syndromes, not only medical care but also nursing care of these syndromes will be of high importance in the future. The main objective of the conducted review was to study professional literature describing the situation of affected people and their relatives allowing to derive the appropriate requirements for a suitable care environment. This systematic review was conducted in the databases PubMed, CINAHL, Embase and Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews. The results were considered with the focus of two main issues of a social situation (Dreitzel, 1972), the themes and the partners of interaction. The themes were assigned according to the coping needs of Corbin and Strauss (2004). Those needs can be observed during the progression of a chronic disease. Given the basic coping needs of affected people in different life situations, the results of 41 surveys and articles demonstrate the need for a continuous support of people suffering from parkinsonian syndromes and their relatives. Described are central issues such as financial coverage, maintenance of the individual role, getting support in dealing with the diagnosis and experiencing acceptance of one's perception of physical symptoms by health professionals. The professional life, family life, personal relationships, physician-patient and nurse-patient relationships, parent-child relationships as well as being part of society are described to be particularly challenging. The importance of support by a specialised nurse within the meaning of a Parkinson's Disease Nurse Specialist is being discussed.
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PMID:[The situation of people suffering from Parkinson's disease and their relatives in the mirror of literature - an overview]. 2036 6

Fatigue has been shown to be a consistent and common problem in Parkinson's disease (PD) in multiple countries and cultures. It is one of the most disabling of all symptoms, including motor dysfunction, and appears early, often predating the onset of motor symptoms. Several studies of the epidemiology of fatigue have been published, often using different scales, but few on treatment. The Movement Disorder Society (MDS) commissioned a task force to assess available clinical rating scales, critique their psychometric properties, summarize their clinical properties, and evaluate the evidence in support of their use in clinical studies in PD. Six clinical researchers reviewed all studies published in peer reviewed journals of fatigue in PD, evaluated the scales' previous use, performance parameters, and quality of validation data, if available. Scales were rated according to criteria provided by the MDS. A scale was "recommended" if it has been used in clinical studies beyond the group that developed it, has been used in PD and psychometric studies have established that it is a valid, reliable and sensitive to change in people with PD. Requiring a scale to have demonstrated sensitivity to change in PD specifically rather than in other areas in order to attain a rating of "recommended" differs from the use of this term in previous MDS task force scale reviews. "Suggested" scales failed to meet all the criteria of a "recommended" scale, usually the criterion of sensitivity to change in a study of PD. Scales were "listed" if they had been used in PD studies but had little or no psychometric data to assess. Some scales could be used both to screen for fatigue as well as to assess fatigue severity, but some were only used to assess severity. The Fatigue Severity Scale was "recommended" for both screening and severity rating. The Fatigue Assessment Inventory, an expanded version of the Fatigue severity Scale, is "suggested" for both screening and severity. The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue was "recommended" for screening and "suggested" for severity. The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory was "suggested" for screening and "recommended" for severity. The Parkinson Fatigue Scale was "recommended" for screening and "suggested" for severity rating. The Fatigue Severity Inventory was "listed" for both screening and severity. The Fatigue Impact Scale for Daily Use, an adaptation of the Fatigue Impact Scale was "listed" for screening and "suggested" for severity. Visual Analogue and Global Impression Scales are both "listed" for screening and severity. The committee concluded that current scales are adequate for fatigue studies in PD but that studies on sensitivity and specificity of the scales are still needed.
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PMID:Fatigue rating scales critique and recommendations by the Movement Disorders Society task force on rating scales for Parkinson's disease. 2046 97

The development of potential neuroprotective therapies for neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Disease) must be based on understanding their molecular and biochemical pathogenesis. Many potential pathways of neuronal cell death have been implicated in a mouse model of neurodegenerative disease, including excitotoxicity, toxicity from reactive oxygen species (superoxide anion, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical), apoptosis (caspase-dependent and -independent pathways), necrosis and glial injury. Some agents that act on these pathways may be available for protecting the brain against chronic neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Drugs currently used to treat neurological disease and injuries provide temporary relief of symptoms but do not stop or slow the underlying neurodegenerative process. Restorative therapies for Parkinson's Disease are currently focused on cell replacement and administration of growth factors and small-molecule neurotrophic agents. The new experimental drugs, by contrast, target the common, underlying cause of destructive process of brain cell death. For example, p53 inhibitors attack a key protein involved in nerve cell death and represent a new strategy for preserving brain function following sudden injury or chronic disease. Analogues of pifithrin-alpha (PFT), which was shown in previous studies to inhibit p53, were designed, synthesized and tested to see whether they would work against cultured brain cells and animal models of neurodegenerative disease. Moreover, several agents based on the predominant anti-amyloid strategy, targeting amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide, which aggregates in the plaques that are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, would affect disease progression. Researchers are already making great strides in developing a vaccine for this progressive brain disorder. Immunization could offer a way to blunt or even prevent the deadly, memory-robbing disease. Here we review many of potential neuroprotective therapies, and strategies that might be suited to the development of innovative approaches that prevent degeneration and restore function in Parkinson's disease.
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PMID:New therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. 2058 18

Purpose. To assess the impact of clinical variables on social skills and behaviors in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and patient versus examiner estimates of social functioning. Methods. Twenty-eight patients with PD and 32 controls with chronic disease were assessed with a battery of neuropsychologic, personality, mood, and social function tests. Results. Patients' estimates of their own social functioning were not significantly different from examiners' estimates. The impact of clinical variables on social functioning in PD revealed depression to be the strongest association of social functioning in PD on both the patient and the examiner version of the Social Adaptation Self-Evaluation Scale. Conclusions. PD patients appear to be well aware of their social strengths and weaknesses. Depression and motor symptom severity are significant predictors of both self- and examiner reported social functioning in patients with PD. Assessment and treatment of depression in patients with PD may improve social functioning and overall quality of life.
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PMID:The Impact of Clinical and Cognitive Variables on Social Functioning in Parkinson's Disease: Patient versus Examiner Estimates. 2094 89

Chronically physically ill patients frequently suffer from psychological distress. The realistic fear of progression (FOP) of disease is one of the most important causes of distress in these patients. This study investigates the extent of FOP in patients with diverse diagnoses. 863 Patients answered the FOP-questionnaire, medical and sociodemographic items. Group differences were investigated with t- and F-tests. Determinants for FOP were identified by linear multiple regression. Some diagnostic subgroups differ in degree and profile of FOP. Patients with rheumatic diseases and Parkinson's disease score highest, patients with stroke or chronic peripheric vascular disease lowest in FOP total scores. Age, sex, economic situation and employment effect the level of fear of progression. Systematic studies are needed to verify the importance of FOP for patients with chronic disease and to ascertain clinical indication for psychotherapeutic support.
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PMID:[Fear of progression in chronic diseases]. 2112 Jul 91


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