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Query: UMLS:C0030552 (paresis)
 5,831 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twenty-four lactating cows were fed a normal-calcium (.75% of dry matter) diet plus free-choice dicalcium phosphate supplement for 8 wk, a low-calcium (.25% of dry matter) diet for 9 wk, and a low-calcium (.25% of dry matter) diet plus free-choice supplement for 4 wk. The low-calcium diet did not appear to affect adversely feed intake, milk production, or plasma ions. Depression of plasma calcium by sequestration with a chelating agent was less following low intake of calcium than following adequate calcium intake. Presumably, lower calcium intake increased parathyroid hormone which resulted in a larger and more responsive calcium pool immediately mobilizable. Changes in plasma phosphorus and magnesium were similar among treatments. Low calcium intake for short times apparently will not affect intake or production and may increase resistance to calcium stress such as hypocalcemia and parturient paresis.
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PMID:Effects of a low calcium diet on feed intake, milk production, and response to blood calcium challenge in lactating Holstein cows. 81 74

Twenty of 60 control cows fed a "normal" diet prepartum developed parturient paresis whereas none of 37 fed a low-calcium (13 to 18 g/cow per day) diet prepartum developed the disease.
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PMID:Prevention of parturient paresis by a low-calcium diet prepartum: a field study. 111 82

Immunoreactive calcitonin and calcium concentrations were determined on 581 plasma samples collected during 23 studies on 20 cows. Sample collections in each study was begun approximately 1 month prior to parturition and continued for about 1 month after parturition. The cows were grouped according to the degree of hypocalcemia encountered at parturition. The parturient paresis group consisted of 10 cows which developed severe hypocalcemia (3.91 plus or minus 0.22 mg/100 ml, mean plus or minus se) accompanied by paresis; the nonparetic hypocalcemic group consisted of 5 cows which developed severe hypocalcemia (5.70 plus or minus 0.03 mg/100 ml) but not paresis; and the control group consisted of 8 cows which experienced only a mild hypocalcemia (8.50 plus or minus 0.27 mg/100 ml) at parturition. In the prepartal period prior to the onset of hypocalcemia, the respective mean plasma calcium concentrations (plus or minus se) of the 3 groups were 10.1 plus or minus 0.11, 9.95 plus or minus 0.20, and 10.2 plus or minus 0.17 mg/100 ml. The development of severe hypocalcemia in the parturient paresis and nonparetic hypocalcemic groups was not accompanied by an increase in plasma calcitonin concentration. Furthermore, plasma calcitonin concentraion of these 2 groups was less than that of control cows during the parturient period as well as during the month before and the month after parturition. The plasma calcium nadir at parturition was positively related to the mean prepartal (encompassing the period from 30 days until 60 h before parturition) plasma calcitonin concentration (r = 0.57, t= 3.14, p less than 0.005); i.e., the lower the prepartal plasma calcitonin concentration the more severe the hypocalcemia at parturtion. These observations suggest that the development of hypocalcemia at parturition is not due to an increased secretion of calcitonin, but instead they suggest that parturient hypocalcemia may be associated with a diminished prepartal secretion of calcitonin.
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PMID:Diminished prepartal plasma calcitonin concentration on cows developing parturient hypocalcemia. 112 17

Blood samples and subcutaneous fat biopsies from six dairy cows at -14, 0, 14, and 28 days of parturition were analyzed to test the hypothesis that movement of calcium into subcutaneous fat contributes to hypocalcemia of parturient paresis. Plasma and subcutaneous fat calcium decreased while plasma free fatty acids increased at parturition. No trends were significant in magnesium or total lipid content of subcutaneous fat. Calcium content of subcutaneous fat was related positively to calcium concentration in plasma.
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PMID:Calcium redistribution into subcutaneous fat at parturition in the dairy cow. 124 84

Studied were mass disease outbreaks on eight farms in calves intensively fed concentrate mixtures that were rich in phosphorus compounds. Clinically, there were selling and deformations of the joints with pains. The tarsal and carpal joints were chiefly involved. Kyphosis of the backbone, spastic paresis of the posterior part of the body as well as tetaniform spasms in the initial stage of the disease were also observed. Morphologically, the diseased animals manifested erosions and thinning of the joint cartilage, tearing of the Achilles tendon, and increased amounts of the joint fluid. The histologic study revealed edema of the cartilage cells, disorders in the structure of the hyalin cartilage, formation of cavities, and broadening of the lumen of the Haversian canals. In most cases the blood serum presented hyperphosphatemia (up to 15.67 mg% inorganic P) and relative or absolute hypocalcemia (up to 4.47 mg% Ca). On the farm both hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia were observed. Good prophylactic results were obtained through correct Ca:P ratios in the diet that contained calcium additives as well as by the injection of vitamin D solutions, etc. It is believed that these cases should be referred to a distinctive form of rickets of a characteristic clinical course' the inadequate Ca:P ratios in the rations playing the main etiologic role. Subsidiary causes are probably vitamin D deficiency, restricted movement of the animals, and mechanical traumata caused by the animal's own bodyweight.
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PMID:[Study of disorders in calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the intensive fattening of young cattle]. 125 54

The immunomodulating polypeptide interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) has been shown to be homologous to osteoclast-activating factor and is capable of stimulating increased osteoclastic bone resorption. This effect prompted an investigation into the potential use of IL-1 beta for prevention of parturient paresis, a disease of dairy cows characterized by hypocalcemia and poor osteoclastic resorption of bone. Six nonpregnant cows were treated with a high dosage of IL-1 beta (166 ng/kg of body weight) every 8 hours for 4 days. The IL-1 beta treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased urinary hydroxyproline excretion, an index of osteoclast activity, indicating that bone calcium resorption might be stimulated by IL-1 beta treatment of cows. However, IL-1 beta treatment also caused transient fever, inappetence, increased pulse and respiratory rate, and diuresis. The acute, but transient, effect of IL-1 beta treatment was to cause a decrease in plasma calcium and phosphorus concentrations. The pleiotropic effects of IL-1 beta administration negated the positive effects on osteoclastic bone resorption, and indicates that this cytokine may be of minimal benefit for prevention of parturient paresis.
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PMID:Physiologic effects of administration of interleukin 1 beta in cows. 146 89

Six late pregnant old cows which had a history of parturient paresis were studied with respect to clinical and blood biochemical changes during two weeks before and after parturition. The levels of serum endotoxin were evaluated during two days before and after parturition. Three out of six animals showed signs of paresis and two animals needed treatment. The clinical and general changes of all parameters supported the idea that during parturient paresis and parturition, there is absorption of endotoxins from the gastro-intestinal tract. Most of the studied parameters changed similarly to what has been described in experimentally induced endotoxaemia. The animals showed signs of ruminal stasis, had an increase in body temperature, prostaglandin metabolite and endotoxin as well as a decrease in serum calcium, zinc, iron and bile acids levels. The changes of these parameters were also closely related to each other. Furthermore, the changes were more pronounced in paretic cows. Endotoxins absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract can be involved in paresis and make the outcome of this disease more severe.
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PMID:A possible role of endotoxins in spontaneous paretic cows around parturition. 155 40

The investigations were carried out to evaluate potential side effects of a prophylaxis with high doses of vitamin D3 and vitamin D metabolites in parturient paresis. For this reason, 10(7) IU vitamin D3 (= 250 mg), 4 mg 25-OHD3 or 420 micrograms 1 alpha-OHD3 were applied to non-gravid dairy cows at the end of lactation. The application was repeated 3 times at one week intervals and the changes of the mineral concentration and 25-OHD were measured in the plasma. The pathomorphological changes in the cardio-vascular system and other organs were examined macro- and microscopically. The application of vitamin D3 and 25-OHD3 led to an immediate and continuous increase of the 25-OHD concentration in the plasma. On the other hand, administration of 1 alpha-OHD3 resulted in a decrease of the 25-OHD level. After the application of vitamin D3 and 1 alpha-OHD3, the Ca and Pi concentration increased significantly. After 25-OHD3, the Ca concentration decreased below the initial level in the second week. The administration of all 3 compounds led to a significant decrease of the Mg concentration after the first injection. The administration of vitamin D3 and 1 alpha-OHD3 resulted in a significantly more pronounced calcinosis of inner organs while after the application of 25-OHD3 only occasionally calcium deposits were observed in the vascular system.
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PMID:The effects of intramuscularly administered vitamin D3, 25- and 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol in cows on plasma mineral content, plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and on mineral deposits in soft tissues. 166 30

In milk fever (parturient paresis), calcium homeostatic mechanisms, regulated by parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, fail to maintain normal blood calcium concentrations, resulting in severe hypocalcemia. The precise nature of the endocrine defect is unknown. Secretion of parathyroid hormone and production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is similar in most cows with milk fever or without. However, there are some cows that fail to produce adequate 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D at the onset of lactation. These tend to be cows that will suffer prolonged hypocalcemia and relapse after treatment. Assuming that most cows produce adequate amounts of both hormones, the next logical cause of milk fever might be a failure of tissues to respond to calcium-regulating hormones. Older cows are more likely to develop milk fever than younger ones. We have found that tissue 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptor concentrations decline with age, leaving the tissues less able to respond to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. We also have found that tissue 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptor concentrations increase during pregnancy and lactation in the cow. Intestinal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptor concentration does not appear to be different in cows with or without milk fever in cows of similar ages. However, intestinal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptor numbers decrease precipitously at parturition, which may in part be responsible for the development of hypocalcemia in dairy cattle.
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PMID:Enzymes and factors controlling vitamin D metabolism and action in normal and milk fever cows. 175 40

Twenty-one aged Jersey cows were fed a high calcium diet prior to parturition to predispose them to parturient paresis. Eleven cows were implanted subcutaneously with pellets containing 24F-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 7 d before the expected date of parturition and thereafter at 7-d intervals until parturition. Ten cows were left untreated to serve as controls. Incidence of parturient paresis among control animals was 80% (8/10). Treatment reduced the incidence of parturient paresis to 9% (1/11). The mean observed plasma calcium concentration nadir of implanted cows was 6.61 +/- .40 mg/dl, which was significantly greater than the plasma calcium nadir of 4.45 +/- .39 mg/dl observed in the control cows. Two steers were implanted with and three nonpregnant, nonlactating cows received intramuscular injections of 24F-1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 to contrast circulating plasma concentrations achieved by the two routes. Intramuscular injection and implantation resulted in plasma 24F-1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations above 300 pg/ml for the first 48 h after administration. From d 4 until d 11 after administration, plasma concentration was maintained between 164 and 89 pg/ml in the implanted steers. Plasma concentration was undetectable 7 d after an intramuscular injection. These data indicate that, with refinement, sustained release of 24F-1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 can be successfully used to reduce the incidence of parturient paresis.
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PMID:Effect of subcutaneously released 24F-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on incidence of parturient paresis in dairy cows. 232 5


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