Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030552 (paresis)
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Calcium (Ca) is essential for life in higher animals. It is involved in the normal functioning of a wide variety of tissues and physiologic processes which include bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, blood clotting and as a second messenger regulating the actions of many hormones. In order for these functions to be carried out properly, blood Ca concentrations must be monitored and regulated within strict limitations. The discovery of the vitamin D endocrine system has resulted in the realization that Ca regulation in mammals and birds involves a coordinated effort between the hormones parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin and the hormonally-active form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. Failure of this system to maintain normal blood Ca concentrations at parturition is a common occurrence in ruminants leading to clinical (periparturient paresis, milk fever) and subclinical hypocalcemia. Vitamin D sterols have played a significant role in efforts to avoid parturient hypocalcemia and this report will summarize advantages and disadvantages associated with their use.
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PMID:Role of vitamin D in calcium homeostasis and its use in prevention of bovine periparturient paresis. 1462 94

Milk fever (MF) is a metabolic disease in dairy cows around parturition. The clinical lead sign is muscular paresis leading in severe cases to paralysis of the affected animal. Multiparturient animals of high performing dairy breeds are most likely to be affected and have a high probability of recurrence. An acute drop in blood calcium levels causes the disease when the demand for calcium at the onset of lactation exceeds the ability to replete blood calcium levels through mobilization from bone and intestinal uptake. With the understanding of the underlying mechanism, calcium supply management and vitamin D supplementation became prime candidates for MF prevention and therapy. Several strategies have been developed for MF prevention. Application of the active form of Vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3, was found to prevent MF effectively. In order to prevent a delayed hypocalcemia, which was occasionally seen after stopping the treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3, a new approach was chosen by applying Solanum glaucophyllum extract (SGE), which contains 1,25(OH)2D3-glycosides, as instant-release (irSGE) in combination with slow-release (srSGE) tablets. In a first study, non-lactating cows were treated with a single bolus of either synthetic 1,25(OH)2D3, irSGE, or srSGE and the results were compared to a control group without treatment. Blood serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 (1,25D), calcium (Ca), phosphate (P) and magnesium (Mg) were followed for 11days and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. Calcium and phosphate excretion in urine were determined during 15days. While serum concentration of 1,25(OH)2D3 was back to pre-treatment level in the irSGE, srSGE and 1,25(OH)2D3 treated group within 3days, calcium and phosphate levels remained elevated for up to 9days. AUC of serum 1,25(OH)2D3 was 2.89 (1,25D), 3.13 (irSGE) and 4.21 (srSGE) times higher than control. Serum calcium levels were 1.07* (for 1.25D); 1.08* (for irSGE) and 1.12* (for srSGE) times higher than control. Serum phosphate levels were 1.20* (for 1,25D); 1.30* (for irSGE) and 1.41* (for srSGE) times higher than control, with * p<0.05. In a second field study calving cows treated with one bolus containing ir- and sr- tablets of SGE were compared to an untreated control group and to a group treated with 4 boli of commercial calcium salts. As a result, calcium serum levels increased (+19% compared to baseline) around calving after treatment with the single bolus of SGE. The single bolus of SGE lead also to an increase of serum phosphate (+31% compared to baseline). These calcium and phosphate increases were statistically significant (p<0.001) 0-24h after calving compared to the control group and to the group treated with calcium salts. The sample size of the study was too small to draw a conclusion on the effect on MF prevention. In conclusion, application of a single bolus of a SGE extract lead to an increase of serum calcium and phosphate for up to 9days and may thus have the potential to prevent a hypocalcemia and -phosphatemia, an important cause for clinical milk fever.
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PMID:Effects of a sustained release formulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides for milk fever prevention on serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, calcium and phosphorus in dairy cows. 2834 73