Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030552 (paresis)
 5,831 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A group of 2205 operations of strabismus in the course of 12 years reveals a clear predominance of operations of dynamic strabismus (94%), as compared with surgery of paralytic strabismus and ocular torticollis on account of nystagmus (6%). This fact provides evidence of a marked ratio of a non-paralytic aetiology of strabismus in the child population. In esotropia, the most frequent type of strabismus, the authors consider as most suitable the technique of weakening of the inner rectus muscles by a dosed elongation according to Gonin-Hollwich, as compared with the classical retroposition of this muscle. In exotropia the authors recommend reinforcing operations only or in combination with a weakening operation of the rectus muscles. The gradual development of application of the technique of surgery of the hyperfunctional lower oblique muscle is in favour of treble partial myotomy (elongation). They operate paretic strabismus when the IIIrd, IVth, VIth nerve are affected and supranuclear paresis of the levators by a complex procedure incl. transposition operations of the functional muscles. The authors operate ocular torticollis after a careful analysis of the congenital nystagmus, using special techniques on the rectus and oblique muscles which adjust the position of the head and bulbs.
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PMID:[Surgical treatment of strabismus in children (a 12-year study)]. 139 35

The authors present an account of a comprehensive two-stage solution of divergent paralytic strabismus in ophthalmoplegia without marked affection of the upper eyelid. In the first stage they implement a free technique retroposition of the external rectus muscle by 6.5 mm and myectomy of the internal rectus by 10-12 mm. In the second stage they supplement the surgical procedure by transposition of the superior oblique muscle according to Scott's method. In five children with unilateral paresis of the IIIrd nerve mere transposition improved hypertropia by a maximum of 5 degrees and exotropia by a maximum of 10 degrees.
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PMID:[The Scott method of superior oblique muscle transposition in ophthalmoplegia]. 152 92

Botulin toxin A was introduced as a treatment in ophthalmology by Dr. Scott of San Francisco. One important application is in cases of blepharospasm, where the toxin is injected into the lateral parts of the lower and upper lid and, if necessary, over the eyebrows in a single dose of 1-2 nanograms, preferably using a needle under electromyographic control. The effect on the blepharospasm is visible after a few days and lasts for several months. The procedure can be repeated several times. The second application is in cases of strabismus. In paralytic strabismus, contracture of the antagonist of the paralyzed muscle can be weakened by local injection of botulin toxin with a coaxial electrode under electromyographic control. Good results were observed in cases of eye muscle disorders in endocrine ophthalmopathy. In concomitant strabismus (exotropia or esotropia) administration of botulin toxin is also possible although a certain paresis of the injected muscle has to be taken into account. The doses for strabismus vary between 1/2 and 2 nanograms of the toxin. The administration of botulin toxin either in blepharospasm or strabismus has no systemic side effects and is a safe procedure if performed under careful electromyographic control. First personal experiences in the treatment both of blepharospasmus as well paralytic strabismus and concomitant strabismus are reported.
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PMID:[Use of botulinum toxin in ophthalmology]. 371 87

Three patients with various manifestations of the amniotic band syndrome associated with strabismus are presented and discussed. All three cases demonstrate a paralytic strabismus due to a unilateral paresis-paralysis of the medial rectus in one case and of the superior rectus in another. The third case showed a bilateral lateral rectus paralysis. In two cases, the strabismus was accompanied by other ocular manifestations, while in one patient strabismus and amblyopia were the sole ophthalmological findings. In two of the cases, a direct association between the mesodermal bands and the strabismus could be established, while in one case this association might have been incidental. Careful ophthalmological followup and treatment of these cases prevented needless loss of vision while appropriate muscle surgery restored acceptable cosmetic appearance in one case.
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PMID:Amniotic band syndrome and strabismus. 720 45

In the past 12 months there have been many interesting publications on paralytic strabismus. Many investigators have reported on various imaging techniques helping both the clinician and the basic scientist better evaluate the causes and effects of paralytic strabismus on the extraocular muscle environment. Some interesting cases of neurologic and systemic associations have also been reported, including a unilateral pupil-sparing third nerve paralysis developing after the use of sildenafil citrate (Viagra; Pfizer, New York, New York). Advances in genetics are now helping us further understand complex entities such as progressive external ophthalmoparesis and congenital fibrosis syndrome. At the other end of the spectrum, colleagues are reporting clinical findings to help specify the diagnosis of conditions as diverse as degenerative ataxic disorders and masked bilateral superior oblique muscle paresis. Unfortunately, there were very few papers on proven new effective surgical techniques for the treatment of paralytic strabismus this year. Finally, to help clarify terminology, and when at all possible depending on the reports reviewed, the following nomenclature will be used in this paper: paralysis--complete loss of function of a muscle or group of muscles innervated by a specified (when applicable) cranial nerve or branch; paresis--incomplete loss of function; and palsy--when the authors failed to specify the degree of weakness.
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PMID:Paralytic strabismus. 1062 43